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The International Society ofSoil Science was organized in 1924 and
the 1st International Congress ofthe Society was held in
Washington, D. C. , United States ofAmerica, in 1927. The 14th
Congress was held August 12-18, 1990 in Kyoto, Japan. Dr. Akira
Tanaka, Society President, stated "It is a serious
concernofpeopleintheworldtosustainhighfarming productivityfor
feeding the ever growing population,and also to protect the
environment for human habitation. For this purpose, it is necessary
to maximize crop yield per unit field
areathroughintensivemanagementofthesoilandcropsonlands which are
best suited for crop production, and to leave lands which are
suboptimal for crops under natural conditions insofar as possible.
Soil science is respon- siblefor
planningtheoptimumland-usesystem,for managing soilsand crops with
maximum efficiency, and for fighting intelligently against soil
deteriora- tion. " Dr. Tanaka clearly stated the challenges facing
soil scientists, and they are indeed challenges. Even though the
rate ofworld population growth has decreased somewhat in recent
years, the consensus is that total population willdouble-to some
ten billion-beforeit stabilizes. The increased produc- tion of
food, fiber, and fuelwood necessary for the people will require a
continued supply ofnew technologies and management practices. The
consensus of many scientists is that the greatest challenge is not
increasing production, but preventing serious deterioration of the
soil and waterresource base so theproductionlevel can be sustained.
Therearemany historical examples where civilizations were
successful for extended periods
onlytoseesoildegradationleadtotheircollapse.
Emulsion polymerization below critical micellar concentration is a
hidden and visionary area of polymer science and chemical
engineering. An analysis is done between styrene and vinyl acetate.
Various variables like initiator concentration, surfactant
concentration and agitator speeds are investigated. A deep
understanding of emulsion polymerization and polymer science will
mesmerize the readers interested in details.
Disposal of hazardous material to a landfill involves the use of
liner. The liner prevents toxic leachate permeating down into the
underlying aquifers or nearby rivers The primary purpose of the
liner system is to isolate the landfill contents from the
environment and, therefore, to protect the soil and ground water
from pollution originating in the landfill. The lining of a
landfill has a crucial role in preventing the waste escaping into
and contaminating the soil and water around the site. There may be
chemicals or unpleasant substances in the waste that need to be
kept within the sealed area. Clay is used as essential materials
for reducing the permeability of natural clay liners in landfill
sites.Low porosity, slow diffusive transport, high adsorption of
cations, and plasticity / swelling is among the interesting
properties of clay. "Natural Clay as Liner Material for the Waste
Landfill" provides a summary of recent information about the use of
natural clay as liner material. The book is valuable for a
diversity of applications in soil pollution.
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