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Gregor Reisch's The Philosophical pearl (Margarita Philosophica),
first published in 1503 and republished 11 times in the sixteenth
century, was the first extensive printed text which discussed the
disciplines taught at university to achieve widespread
dissemination. This distinguishes it from printed editions of
individual texts of Aristotle and other authorities. It is
presented as a dialogue between master and pupil, covering the
seven liberal arts, natural philosophy and moral philosophy, and
with illustrations throughout. It has received remarkably little
attention in its own right as a work of education which helped
shape the world view of sixteenth-century educated men. Its author
was a Carthusian monk. This volume presents an edited translation
and an extensive introduction, of the four books which deal with
natural philosophy - the predecessor of modern science. These books
clearly show the extent to which for Reisch the study of nature was
still primarily undertaken for Christian ends. Not only was nature
studied as God's creation, but the study of the soul (a central
part of natural philosophy pursued on Aristotelian lines) and its
fate was here completely integrated with the salvation or damnation
of the individual Christian, as taught in the Bible and by the
church fathers, especially Augustine. Natural philosophy for Reisch
was a discipline which was as concerned with God and the Bible as
it was with Nature and Aristotle.
This volume offers an important re-evaluation of early modern
philosophy. It takes issue with the received notion of a
'revolution' in philosophical thought in the 17th-century, making
the case for treating the 16th and 17th centuries together. Taking
up Charles Schmitt's formulation of the many 'Aristotelianisms' of
the period, the papers bring out the variety and richness of the
approaches to Aristotle, rather than treating his as a homogeneous
system of thought. Based on much new research, they provide case
studies of how philosophers used, developed, and reacted to the
framework of Aristotelian logic, categories and distinctions, and
demonstrate that Aristotelianism possessed both the flexibility and
the dynamism to exert a continuing impact - even among such noted
'anti-Aristotelians' as Descartes and Hobbes. This constant
engagement can indeed be termed 'conversations with Aristotle'.
This book proposes that Philip Melanchthon was responsible for
transforming traditional university natural philosophy into a
specifically Lutheran one. Motivated by desire to check civil
disobedience and promote a Lutheran orthodoxy, he created a natural
philosophy based on Aristotle, Galen and Plato, incorporating
contemporary findings of Copernicus and Vesalius. The fields of
astrology, anatomy, botany and mathematics all constituted a
natural philosophy in which Melanchthon wished to demonstrate God's
Providential design in the physical world. Rather than
dichotomizing or synthesizing the two distinct areas of 'science'
and 'religion', Kusukawa advocates the need to look at 'Natural
philosophy' as a discipline quite different from either 'modern
science' or 'religion': a contextual assessment of the implication
of the Lutheran Reformation on university education, particularly
on natural philosophy.
The period between the fifteenth and the middle of the seventeenth
centuries saw a great many changes and innovations in scientific
thinking. These were communicated to various publics in diverse
ways; not only through discursive prose and formal notations, but
also in the form of instruments and images accompanying texts. The
collected essays of this volume examine the modes of transmission
of this knowledge in a variety of contexts. The schematic
representation of instruments is examined in the case of the
'navicula' (a versatile version of a sundial) and the 'squadro' (a
surveying instrument); the new forms of illustration of plants and
the human body are investigated through the work of Fuchs and
Vesalius; theories of optics and of matter are discussed in
relation to the illustrations which accompany the texts of Ausonio
and Descartes. The different diagrammatic strategies adopted to
explain the complex medical theory of the latitude of health are
charted through the work of medieval and sixteenth-century
physicians; Kepler's use of illustration in his handbook of
cosmology is placed in the context of book production and
Copernican propaganda. The conception of astronomical instruments
as either calculating devices or as cosmological models is examined
in the case of Tycho Brahe and others. A study is devoted to the
multiple functions of frontispieces and to the various readerships
for which they were conceived. The papers in the volume are all
based on new research, and they constitute together a coherent and
convergent set of case studies which demonstrate the vitality and
inventiveness of early modern natural philosophers, and their
awareness of the media available to them for transmitting
knowledge.
Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), humanist and colleague of Martin
Luther, is best known for his educational reforms, for which he
earned the title Praeceptor Germaniae (the Teacher of Germany). His
most influential form of philosophical writing was the academic
oration, and this volume, first published in 1999, presents a large
and wide-ranging selection of his orations and textbook prefaces
translated into English. They set out his views on the distinction
between faith and reason, the role of philosophy in education,
moral philosophy, natural philosophy, astronomy and astrology, and
the importance of philosophy to a true Christian, as well as his
views on Classical philosophical authorities such as Plato and
Aristotle and on contemporaries such as Erasmus and Luther.
Powerfully influential in their time, inspiring many Protestant
students to study philosophy, mathematics and natural philosophy,
they illuminate the relationship between Renaissance and
Reformation thought.
Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), humanist and colleague of Martin
Luther, is best known for his educational reforms, for which he
earned the title Praeceptor Germaniae (the Teacher of Germany). His
most influential form of philosophical writing was the academic
oration, and this volume presents a large and wide-ranging
selection of his orations and textbook prefaces, many of which are
here translated into English for the first time. They set out his
views on the distinction between faith and reason, the role of
philosophy in education, moral philosophy, natural philosophy,
astronomy and astrology, and the importance of philosophy to a true
Christian, as well as his views on Classical philosophical
authorities such as Plato and Aristotle and on contemporaries such
as Erasmus and Luther. Powerfully influential in their time,
inspiring many Protestant students to study philosophy, mathematics
and natural philosophy, they illuminate the relationship between
Renaissance and Reformation thought.
This book proposes that Philip Melanchthon was responsible for
transforming traditional university natural philosophy into a
specifically Lutheran one. Motivated by desire to check civil
disobedience and promote a Lutheran orthodoxy, he created a natural
philosophy based on Aristotle, Galen and Plato, incorporating
contemporary findings of Copernicus and Vesalius. The fields of
astrology, anatomy, botany and mathematics all constituted a
natural philosophy in which Melanchthon wished to demonstrate God's
Providential design in the physical world. Rather than
dichotomizing or synthesizing the two distinct areas of 'science'
and 'religion', Kusukawa advocates the need to look at 'Natural
philosophy' as a discipline quite different from either 'modern
science' or 'religion': a contextual assessment of the implication
of the Lutheran Reformation on university education, particularly
on natural philosophy.
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