Genetics had already proven its importance in art of knowing about the species from the basic cells of reproduction and also about the various features that a species adopt from his ancestors. Thousands of inherited human disorders have been catalogued to date, but the underlying genetic causes of less than 20 percent of those disorders have been discovered. Genetics is the study of genes at all levels from molecules to populations.In dentistry we encounter numerous differences in the dentofacial characteristics of individuals, even among family members.Some children have large-size teeth; some may have high prevalence of caries, while only some have good occlusions. Is dental health inherited? Common dental diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases and malocclusion problems are often considered mainly as environmental. However in these diseases the genetic aspects that influence the degree of susceptibility should not be overlooked. Today genetics is a mature but dynamic science, clearly in its prime and recognized as the very core of modern biology."

The sugar substitutes discussed in this this book, which may also be called alternative, artificial, high-intensity, or non-nutritive sweeteners, can replace the sweetness of sugar while providing few or no calories. In addition to the calorie savings, these sugar substitutes have the advantage of not promoting tooth decay, and they are useful in dietary planning for people who are coping with obesity or diabetes. Each of these sugar substitutes is discussed individually. Sugar substitutes includes both food ingredients with very strong sweetening power that provide zero or very few calories, which are used in very small amounts to sweeten foods, and bulk sweetening agents such as polyols, which can replace both the bulk of sugar and some of its sweetness. The availability of a variety of safe sugar substitutes is of benefit to consumers because it enables food manufacturers to formulate a variety of good-tasting sweet foods and beverages that are safe for the teeth and general health.

Oral health is an integral part of general health. An improvement in the oral health may play an integral role in improving the general health, adequate instructions in proper care of the teeth and oral tissues is thus essential. It is the responsibility of the health system to provide proper information about maintenance of oral health and available health facilities for general and oral health. In turn the community should use these facilities for their general and oral health betterment. This community is neglected like the old age people by the society and profession. Even though new found sporadic attention is given to this population with medical facility almost nil attention is given for their oral health care. The prisoners also deserve equal rights for their health attention. Keeping the above matter in consideration a specific oral health survey has been taken up on the inmates of prisoners of Lucknow prison in state of Uttar Pradesh to assess their oral health status so that needed treatment can be planned accordingly by concerned authorities.

Medicine and social sciences are concerned in their own special way with human behavior. The term 'social sciences' is applied to those disciplines which are committed to the scientific examination of human behaviour. These are economics, political science, sociology, social psychology and social anthropology. The term 'behavioural sciences' is applied to the last three, i.e., sociology, social psychology and social anthropology, because they deal directly with human behaviour.

Epidemiology began with the first man and first woman - Adam and Eve. Every study design has it's own uniqueness, beauty and some limitations. So according to the research problem, availability of data, resources like time, money, material and manpower and the desired outcomes different epidemiological methods can be employed. In the last few years, the method of epidemiology has been refined and tremendous attention is been given to update knowledge of disease burden in population which is essential for health authorities, which seek to use limited resources to the best possible effect by identifying priority health programmes for preventive care and promotion of positive health. Thus epidemiology seems to be the best panacea (field of interest) for identification and control of disease.

Dentistry is both an art and a science. It is a science because our fundamental understandings - or building blocks of knowledge, are based on the scientific process of research. This includes basic, applied, and clinical research. It is an art where it is based on experience and personal observation. The synthesis of scientific understanding (evidence) and clinical observation (evidence) provides the basis for meaningful dental care. Evidence based approach is ideal in today's situation and we doctors should be well versed with this approach and use evidence wisely in clinical decision making.

In the dental profession one of the most promising means of meeting the current patient demand for care, preparing for the future, and relieving over worked doctors has been the inception of the physician assistant, nurse practitioner, and nurse anesthetist programs and all expended duty delivery systems. Improvement in socioeconomic status, increased educational levels, and third party payment programs have intensified the demands for care upon the dental practitioner..as if this demand for care were not enough, the prospect of national health insurance will serve to create more pressure. Those likely to be the hardest hit are the dentist s and patient in the inner cities and rural areas. A method of meeting of patients dental needs in the concept of expanding the duties of present auxiliary field to provide a system which delivers more care efficiently and effectively without sacrifice of quality standards.