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Plant cell and tissue culture methods are useful for mutation
induction with radiation as well as chemicals. However, radiation
is the preferred method to make genetic changes because of the ease
in treating large populations, and the problems of handling and
disposing of chemicals. Usually, mutations are induced in
well-known and well-adapted plant varieties grown in a particular
region. Selected and disease-free plants of these varieties are
cultured in vitro, and irradiated with gamma, UV and X-rays. The
irradiated plants, tissues, or cells are then multiplied many
times, in vitro, from which full-grown plants are produced. They
are then grown in soil for selection of the desired types. There is
increasing evidence that for some traits, in-vitro grown cells,
somatic embryos, and miniature-sized plants can be subjected to
selection for disease resistance, tolerance to salinity, heat, cold
and freezing. The in vitro culture of vegetatively propagated crops
in combination with radiation-induced mutation has proven to be an
invaluable method to produce variation and to rapidly multiply the
mutant and parental material in disease- free conditions.
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