Although group theory has played a significant role in the development of various disciplines of physics, there are few recent books that start from the beginning and then build on to consider applications of group theory from the point of view of high energy physicists. Group Theory for High Energy Physicists fills that role. It presents groups, especially Lie groups, and their characteristics in a way that is easily comprehensible to physicists. The book first introduces the concept of a group and the characteristics that are imperative for developing group theory as applied to high energy physics. It then describes group representations since matrix representations of a group are often more convenient to deal with than the abstract group itself. With a focus on continuous groups, the text analyzes the root structure of important groups and obtains the weights of various representations of these groups. It also explains how symmetry principles associated with group theoretical techniques can be used to interpret experimental results and make predictions. This concise, gentle introduction is accessible to undergraduate and graduate students in physics and mathematics as well as researchers in high energy physics. It shows how to apply group theory to solve high energy physics problems.

Although group theory has played a significant role in the development of various disciplines of physics, there are few recent books that start from the beginning and then build on to consider applications of group theory from the point of view of high energy physicists. Group Theory for High Energy Physicists fills that role. It presents groups, especially Lie groups, and their characteristics in a way that is easily comprehensible to physicists. The book first introduces the concept of a group and the characteristics that are imperative for developing group theory as applied to high energy physics. It then describes group representations since matrix representations of a group are often more convenient to deal with than the abstract group itself. With a focus on continuous groups, the text analyzes the root structure of important groups and obtains the weights of various representations of these groups. It also explains how symmetry principles associated with group theoretical techniques can be used to interpret experimental results and make predictions. This concise, gentle introduction is accessible to undergraduate and graduate students in physics and mathematics as well as researchers in high energy physics. It shows how to apply group theory to solve high energy physics problems.

Wheat is very important crop of Pakistan, as it is the staple food and largest grain source of the country. Its contribution is 13.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP.Pakistan is among the top wheat producing countries of the world. However there is a big gap between actual and potential yield of wheat in Pakistan. Yield limiting factors include water shortage, low use of nutrients due to high prices of fertilizers, conventional cultural practices and low nutrient use efficiency. Phosphorus use efficiency is very low throughout the world, P deficiency is a major factor contributing to low crop production. Humic substances, like humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), enhance both the yield and quality of many plants, including grains. Humic acid increases the organic matter. The enhancement in P availability and micronutrients with HA application has already been reported in a variety of crops.

Lady bird beetle is a Good predator of all species of Aphids.This book describe that four insecticides viz: Imidachloprid 20SL, Acetamaprid 20 SL, Emamectin 1.9 EC, Spinosad 240 SE were used against predatory lady bird beetle.Main objective of this experiment was to evaluate that insecticide, which showed less toxicity against lady bird beetle. Result showed that Imidachloprid 20SL showed less toxicity than that of other insectici

In SOA environment, a software application is a composition of services, which are scattered across the Internet. Security plays a vital role during the design, development and operation of SOA applications. However, analysis of today's software development approaches reveals that the engineering of security into the system design is often neglected. Security is incorporated in an ad-hoc manner or integrated during the applications development phase or administration phase or out sourced. General purpose modeling languages like UML are used for designing the software system; however, these languages lack the knowledge of the specific domain and "security" is one of the essential domains. A DSL, named the "UML-SOA-Sec" is proposed to facilitate the modeling of security objectives along the business process modeling of SOA applications. Furthermore, Saleem's MDS services composition framework is proposed for the development of a secure web service composition. Being able to express security objectives in a widely used design notation like UML, helps to save time and effort during the implementation and verification of security in SOA applications.

This book describes the importance of citrus pests especially emphasizing on citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) which is serious threat to citrus nursery in Pakistan. The main objectives of these studies were to determine the frequency of insecticides against citrus leafminer, to find the best insecticide which give maximum protection in the citrus nursery. Ten insecticides viz: emmamectin benzoate 1.9 EC, imidachloprid 20 SL, profenofos 50 EC, lufenuron 50 EC, acetamiprid 20 SP, bifenthrin 10 EC, spinosad 240 SC, cyhalothrin 2.5 EC, flufenoxuron 10 DC and triflumuron 20 EC were used in two different seasons, spring season and monsoon season. spinosad 240 SC showed maximum mortality more than 90% after 96 hours of application with maximum frequency of fourteen days.

After cotton, rice is second export commodity of Pakistan. However, improvement in Basmati rice has been hampering due to its intrinsic genetic makeup. Here, we focused on quantitative genetics of some biometrical traits to understand the convolution of genetic control over 16 yield and yield components. Line x tester analysis showed non-additive gene effects for all traits whereas triple test cross analysis explained non-additive gene effects in the form of j and l types of non-allelic interactions for 13 traits only. Triple test cross analysis also explained joint control of j and l types of epistasis with i type epistasis for the rest of the 3 traits. Several good combiner lines and crosses suitable for the development of cultivars or hybrid varieties were isolated. Use of heterosis breeding, recombination breeding following pedigree method of selection and recurrent selection/bi-parental mating has been proposed on the basis of current genetic analysis for the improvement of Basmati rice."

Dr.Muhammad Imran Saleem and co-authors have done a great work putting together the essential material for the fellowship trainees in the discipline of ophthalmology in " LIMBAL AUTOGRAFT VERSUS MITOMYCIN-C FOR OPHTHALMIC PTERYGIUM." The Whole book is organized by multistage energetics in a very lucid manner and each element is discussed extremely well.It is also a very kind and user friendly type of book. I highly recommend this book not only for the postgraduate residents in ophthalmology but also for the working ophthalmologists.

This work considers type-I mixtures of the members of a subclass of one parameter exponential family of disributions. This subclass includes Exponential, Rayleigh, Pareto, a Burr type XII and Power function distributions. Except the Exponential, mixtures of distributions of this subclass get either no or least attention in literature so far. The elegant closed form expressions for the Bayes estimators of the parameters of each of these mixtures are presented along with their variances assuming uninformative and informative priors. The proposed informative Bayes estimators emerge advantageous in terms of their least standard errors. An extensive simulation study is conducted for each of these mixtures to highlight the properties and comparison of the proposed Bayes estimators in terms of sample sizes, censoring rates, mixing proportions and different combinations of the parameters of the component densities. A type-IV sample consisting of ordinary type-I, right censored observations is considered. Bayesian analysis of the real life mixture data sets is conducted as an application of each mixture and some interesting observations and comparisons have been observed.

Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutrient for the growth of plants, while Boron is also highly important micro-nutrient for efficient plant growth. The interaction between the micro nutrients (like Boron) with nitrogen is highly important topic. This manuscript covered all the aspects of interaction between these two highly important nutrients and their ultimate benefits to crops especially with reference to Sunflower.

Wheat is an important cereal crop and is a staple food for most of the world population. Being major consumable commodity it occupies a prominent position and is cultivated on an area of 8463.0 thousand hectares. 25-30% of the total cropped area is rainfed where the available water resources are limited. Water stress affects plant growth at early stage and at grain filling stage resulting in decreased yield. Twenty two lines/varieties were used to study the correlation and path co-efficient analysis among fourteen different seedling and maturity traits. Root density, tillers per plant, spike length and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield. Plant height had negative correlation with it. Tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight had maximum direct effect on grain yield. Stomatal frequency, stomata size, root shoot ratio, had negative direct effect on yield.

Maize plant is a c4 plant having high input requirements including irrigation water. In Pakistan 25-30% of the total cropped area is rainfed where the available water resources are depleting very quickly. Water stress or drought is one of the major limiting fator in crop production around the globe. Water stress affects plant growth both at early stage and at grain filling stage resulting in decreased yield. Fifty inbred lines were used to study genetic variability, correlation and path co-efficient analysis among various seedling and maturity traits. Under drought conditions, 100-grain weight had positively and significantly correlated with root length, shoot length, fresh root weight and number of cobs. Days taken to silking had maximum positive direct effect on 100-garin weight. Number of ears had minimum positive direct effect on 100-grain weight.