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The formation of human capital--the knowledge, skills, and health
that people accumulate over their lifetimes--is critical for the
six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Human capital
contributes not only to human development and employment but also
to the long-term sustainability of a diversified economic growth
model that is knowledge based and private sector driven. This
approach is critical, given that income from oil and gas will
eventually decline and that the nature of work is evolving in
response to rapid technological changes, in turn demanding new
skill sets. The GCC governments have demonstrated their strong
political will for this shift: four of them are among the first
countries to join the World Bank's Human Capital Project-a global
effort to improve investments in people as measured by the Human
Capital Index. The GCC countries face four main challenges:* Low
levels of basic proficiency among schoolchildren* A mismatch
between education and the labor market* A relatively high rate of
adult mortality and morbidity* A unique labor market , in which
wages in the public sector are more generous than in the private
sector and government employment of nationals is virtually
guaranteed. To address these challenges, this report outlines four
strategies in a "whole-of-government" approach:* Investing in
high-quality early childhood development* Preparing healthier,
better educated, and skilled youth for the future* Enabling greater
adult labor force participation* Creating an enabling environment
for human capital formation. These strategies are based on best
practices in other countries and feature some of the GCC countries'
plans, including their national "Visions," to take their economies
and societies further into the twenty-first century. With the
COVID-19 pandemic, the GCC countries face additional challenges
that may worsen some pre-existing vulnerabilities and erode human
capital. In response, the GCC governments have taken multiple
measures to protect their populations' health and their economies.
Any country's decision to reopen its economy needs to closely
consider public health consequences to avoid a resurgence of
infections and any further erosion of its human capital. The
COVID-19 crisis underscores that the need to accelerate and improve
investment in human capital has never been greater. Once the GCC
countries return to a "new normal," they will be in a position to
achieve diversified and sustainable growth by adopting, and then
tailoring, the strategies presented in this report.
South Asia Region (SAR) has decreased maternal mortality ratio
(MMR) by 65 percent between 1990 and 2013, which was the greatest
progress among all world regions. Such achievement implores the
question, What made SAR stand out against what is predicted by
standard socioeconomic outcomes? Improving Maternal and
Reproductive Health in South Asia: Drivers and Enablers identifies
the interventions and factors that contributed to reducing MMR and
improving maternal and reproductive health (MRH) outcomes in SAR.
In this study, the analytical framework assumes that improving MRH
outcomes is influenced by a multitude of forces from within and
outside the health system and considers factors at the household
and community levels, as well as interventions in other sectors and
factors in the enabling environment. The analysis is based on a
structured literature review of the interventions in SAR countries,
relevant international experience, and review of the best available
evidence from systematic reviews. The focus of the analysis is
mainly on assessing the effectiveness of interventions. The
findings from this study indicate that the most effective
interventions that prevent maternal mortality are those that
address the intra-partum stage - the point where most maternal
deaths occur - and include improving skilled birth attendance
coverage, increasing institutional delivery rates, and scaling up
access to emergency obstetric care. There is also adequate evidence
that investing in family planning to increase contraceptive use
also played a key role during the inter-partum phase by preventing
unwanted pregnancies and thus averting the risk of maternal
mortality in SAR countries. Outside the programmatic interventions,
the levels of household income, women's education, and completion
of secondary education of girls were also strongly correlated with
improved MRH outcomes. Also, there is strong evidence that health
financing schemes - both demand and supply side - and conditional
cash transfer programs were effective in increasing the uptake of
MRH services. The study points out to many other interventions with
different degrees of effectiveness. The study also identified four
major reasons for why SAR achieved this progress in MMR reduction.
The best practices and evidence of what works synthesized in this
study provide an important way forward for low- and middle-income
countries toward achieving the health-related Sustainable
Development Goals
Provide a short description (no more than 350 characters, about 50
words) in simple, nontechnical language that aptly expresses the
book's scope and theme. This study explores policy options based on
evidence from international experience that will help Bangladesh
improve the availability and skill-mix of its health workforce.
Bangladesh is undergoing a double transition-demographic and
epidemiological. Increasing life expectancy and declining fertility
entail a demographic transition fuelling a shift in the disease
burden toward noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Yet due to absence
of a robust routine health information system in the country, it is
hard to accurately assess the disease burden and corresponding risk
factors. So, using a wide range of sources, this book looks at the
status of major NCDs in Bangladesh (and briefly in South Asia),
touches on their economic impact, analyses their common risk
factors, and assesses the health system's capacity to manage the
disease transition. In a country where total health spending is
low-$23 a head per year, two-thirds of it private-the main
constraints on the health system are a weak regulatory framework;
lack of strategic planning and coordination across sectors; lack of
alignment between the goals of health strategy documents and the
operational plans; a focus by the health system on treatment, not
prevention; and a fragmented health service delivery system,
leading to a lack of coordinated care critical for effectively
managing NCDs. This book aims to help policy makers-inside and
outside the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and its
programme managers-to develop and implement effective and timely
responses that reduce both population-level risk factors and the
NCD burden in Bangladesh. It also outlines policy options and
strategic priorities to help stimulate policy dialogue with
stakeholders to tackle the NCD burden through strengthening health
service provision, all articulated through a 'Policy Options
Framework'. This framework is founded on the stewardship and
regulatory role led by the health sector (represented by the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), which supports two broad
categories-population-based and individual-based policy
interventions, which in turn support four pillars: multisectoral
and health sector interventions (population-based), and clinical
preventive and treatment services (individual-based).
Reliable information on how health service strategies affect the
poor is in short supply. In an attempt to redress the imbalance,
'Improving Health Service Delivery in Developing Countries'
presents evidence on strategies for strengthening health service
delivery, based on systematic reviews of the literature,
quantitative and qualitative analyses of existing data, and seven
country case studies. The authors also explore how changes in
coverage of different health services affect each other on the
national level. Finally, the authors explain why setting
international targets for health services has been not been
successful and offer an alternative approach based on a specific
country's experience. The book's findings are clear and hopeful:
There are many ways to improve health services. Measuring change
and using information to guide decisions and inform stakeholders
are critically important for successful implementation. Asking
difficult questions, using information intelligently, and involving
key stakeholders and institutions are central to the "learning and
doing" practices that underlie successful health service delivery.
Increasing life expectancy in South Asia is resulting in a
demographic transition that can, under the right circumstances,
yield dividends through more favorable dependency ratios for a
time. With aging, the disease burden shifts toward noncommunicable
diseases (NCDs) which can threaten healthy aging. However, securing
the gains expected from the demographic dividend-where developing
countries' working and nondependent population increases and per
capita income thus rises- is both achievable and affordable through
efficiently tacking NCDs with prevention and control efforts. This
book looks primarily at cardiovascular disease (CVD) and tobacco
use since they account for a disproportionate amount of the NCD
burden-the focus is strategic, rather than comprehensive. The goal
of this book is to encourage countries to develop, adopt, and
implement effective and timely country and, where appropriate,
regional responses that reduce both population-level risk factors
and the NCD burden. The work develops (i) an NCD burden and risk
factor profile for all countries and the region as a whole; (ii) a
rationale for public policy and action for NCDs; (iii) a framework
to guide the formulation of public policies and strategies for
NCDs; (iv) a country profile, including capacity and ongoing NCD
activities, as well as policy options and actions for NCDs that
will help stimulate policy dialogue within and among countries; and
(v) a regional strategy for NCD prevention and control where
regional collaboration offers added value. The achievements of this
book are (i) developing a framework for policy options to identify
key areas for strategic country- and regional-level policy and
actions; (ii) bringing together demographic and aging trends,
disease and risk factor burden data, alongside analyses of
capacities and accomplishments to tackle NCDs; and (iii) using
these inputs to develop policy options for country and regional
strategies.
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