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East Asia is the most competitive and dynamic industrial region in
the developing world. This is universally acknowledged but not yet
fully understood. In particular, the different strategies the
'Tiger' economies used to access and absorb foreign technologies,
and the interaction of technology imports with domestic
technological effort, have not been sufficiently explored. This
book addresses this imbalance with new country studies on the
interaction between foreign direct investment (FDI) and
technological activity in building export competitiveness. The book
covers China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand, highlighting different strategic
approaches to building capabilities in industrial enterprises. The
book also includes a general overview and studies of Japanese
multinationals overseas. Those interested in the critical role that
technologies can play in promoting economic growth and
competitiveness will find this study of great interest, especially
academics and those in governments and agencies engaged in economic
development policy.
The Economics of Technology Transfer presents a selection of the
most important articles in the field, many of which are not easily
accessible. The volume pays particular attention to issues facing
developing countries in the context of rapid technical change,
globalisation of production and the international spread of
innovation itself. Part I focuses on theory and concepts. Part II,
which examines multinationals, deals with the main engines of
technology development and transfer. Part III discusses developing
countries, pointing to the possible conflict between internalised
technology transfer (via multinational enterprises) and the needs
of domestic technological capability building. The final two parts
include papers on technology transfer processes and issues in
selected countries of Latin America, East Asia, the transition
economies and the mature industrial economies. The Economics of
Technology Transfer will be essential reading for students,
researchers and policy makers concerned with international
technology transfer.
It is nowadays well accepted that both economic growth and
development are highly dependent on improving not just the
availability of capital, but also access to technological
capabilities, infrastructure and resources. This has gone
hand-in-hand with an increasing economic liberalization of most
developing countries. The role of the MNE as a viable source of
both capital and technology is one of the key features of this new
openness. In the process of embracing FDI as a solution to the
myriad of economic ills - something even the World Bank has begun
to do - little attempt is made to understand the rationale and the
costs associated with this policy stance. Simply put, FDI is not a
condition sine qua non for development. Too much emphasis has been
placed on attracting FDI, and not on understanding how to optimise
the benefits for the host economy. This volume aims to encourage
and promote research related to these issues.
This volume was previously published as a special issue of the
European Journal of Development Research.
It is well accepted now that economic growth and development are
highly dependent on improving not just the availability of capital,
but also the technological capabilities, infrastructure and
resources available to (and internalized by) firms, individuals and
institutions in any country.
Over the last two decades or so, there has been a significant shift
away from a inward-looking, import-substituting approach towards a
more outward-looking, export-oriented policy orientation. The
reasons for this shift are complex, but have to do with
developments associated with globalization, trade and debt deficits
faced by IS-driven economies, as well as the acknowledged success
of the Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in technological
and economic 'leapfrogging' within an outward-oriented approach.
One of the key features of policy liberalization is the need to
attract foreign direct investment (FDI) as a means to acquire or
improve technological capabilities through multinational enterprise
(MNE) activity.
The role of the MNE as an additional source of capital and
technology is one of the key features of this new openness, as
alternative sources of capital have become scarcer, exacerbated by
economic and financial crises. The failure of protected industries
in LDCs to become competitive on global markets has highlighted the
limitations of the arms-length technology transfer approach. At the
same time, the need to build strong local capabilities has not
diminished; on the contrary, it has risen as increasingly mobile
factors seek strong complementary factors in sites where they will
locate.
Hence, in recent years, both LDC governments and foreign donors
have increasinglycome to focus on the role MNEs and FDI can play in
development. This has been accompanied by a lifting of many types
of regulations that previously limited the role of FDI and MNEs in
many developing countries, and a reassessment among donors of the
role of public versus private actors in development aid.
However, although liberalization has affected the demand for FDI,
it has not necessarily always resulted in an increase of FDI
inflows. On the other hand, MNEs have an increasingly wide
selection of locations available to them, and relatively speaking,
the supply of FDI has not increased proportionally with demand.
Furthermore, declining trade barriers and restrictions on trade
allow MNEs to supply markets without engaging in local production.
A large share of FDI continues to be directed to a relatively small
group of countries.
In the process of embracing FDI as a solution to the myriad of
economic ills there is a lack of understanding of the need to
develop the necessary domestic capacity to attract, and absorb the
spillovers and externalities that derive from, FDI. The importance
of foreign investment is now taken as given and little attempt is
made to understand the rationale and the costs associated with this
policy stance. Simply put, FDI is not a condition sine qua non for
development. Too much emphasis has been placed on attracting FDI,
and not on understanding how to optimize the benefits for the host
economy. This volume aims to encourage and promote research related
to these issues.
This volume was previously published as a special issue of the
European Journal of Development Research.
Despite years of liberalization, African manufacturing is
conspicuously unable to compete in the global market. Its exports
are minuscule, its response to competition is weak, technical
efficiency is low and there are few signs of technological
dynamism. Part of the problem, the authors argue, lies in the
institutions designed to help firms import, use and improve
technology. This unique study draws on extensive fieldwork
assessing technology systems in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and
Zimbabwe in the context of their export competitiveness. Its
emphasis is on the role of technology systems in building
industrial competitiveness and in this it finds deficiencies in the
systems in all these countries, though there are also significant
differences between them. Comparisons are made with more successful
economies, particularly those of East Asia, and policy implications
are drawn for the strengthening of technology support systems.
Central to the book is its combination of academic analysis with a
strong policy focus - policy implications are drawn for each
case-study country. Failing to Compete will be of interest to all
academics and scholars of development economics, international
competitiveness and technology studies.
Competitiveness becomes a growing concern for developing countries
as they liberalise their economies and open up to global trade,
investment and technology flows. They fear that liberalisation by
itself may not, in the presence of market and institutional
deficiencies, lead to the optimal allocation of resources. In
particular, it may lead to the realisation of static rather than
dynamic comparative advantages - a threat to sustained growth in a
world of rapid technical change. This book draws together recent
contributions by Sanjaya Lall - a leading authority on
international investment, technology and industrial policy - on
competitiveness and its major determinants. It draws upon his wide
experience of competitiveness analysis in Asian and African
countries and his recent work on technology and skills. It contains
his most important published material as well as previously
unpublished articles, and will be of interest to students,
researchers and policy analysts interested in industrial
development, technology and human resources.
This is a collection of papers on industrial policy - the role of
governments in promoting industrial development - and the
particular significance of technology development. Two essays deal
with the general debate on industrial policy and the nature of
technology development; two are critical appraisals of the World
Bank's approach to the debate on governments and markets; four are
case studies of policy making on aspects of industrialisation,
three in Asia and one in Africa.
This is a collection of papers on industrial policy - the role of
governments in promoting industrial development - and the
particular significance of technology development. Two essays deal
with the general debate on industrial policy and the nature of
technology development; two are critical appraisals of the World
Bank's approach to the debate on governments and markets; four are
case studies of policy making on aspects of industrialisation,
three in Asia and one in Africa.
The World Bank and the IMF dominate policy-making in Africa today.
This book considers the consistency between their adjustment
policies and long-term development needs, with detailed analyses of
country experience. An alternative development strategy is
proposed. Important elements include rural development,
industrialization based on regional import substitution and export
promotion, and development of human capabilities.;Current
adjustment policies are in large part moving African economies away
from long-term goals, especially through cuts in expenditure on
education, infrastructure, deindustrialization and the strong
emphasis on primary commodity exports.
The World Bank and the IMF dominate policy-making in Africa today.
This book considers the consistency between their adjustment
policies and long-run development needs, with an analysis of
country experience. An alternative development strategy is
proposed.
This collection of papers by some of the world's leading
development economists is remarkable for its wide scope. It covers
such varied topics as stagflation in the third world; the extension
of free trade to include international investment; the early 1980s
in Latin America; the economic growth of Africa and communal land
tenure systems and their role in rural development. As well as
representing important contributions in themselves, the papers
acquire unity from a similarity in approach - always giving
priority to reality if it comes into conflict with theoretical
bias.
'... a most stimulating essay, by an economist who is a leading
authority in his field ... a most welcome addition to the
literature on economic development.' Terence J.Byres, British Book
News '... a perceptive and challenging contribution to the
economics of technology transfer and industrialization.' Michael
Hobday, The Economic Journal.
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