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Research and industrial developments in the theoretical and
practical aspects of safety and security engineering are the focus
of this volume. This field, due to its special nature, is an
interdisciplinary area of research and application that brings
together, in a systematic way, many disciplines of engineering from
the traditional to the most technologically advanced. The included
papers, which were originally presented at the 13th Conference on
Risk Analysis, Hazard Mitigation and Safety and Security
Engineering, cover areas such as crisis management, security
engineering, natural disasters and emergencies, terrorism, IT
security, man-made hazards, pandemics, transportation security,
protection and mitigation issues, among others. Also covered are
various aspects of risk management and hazard mitigation,
associated with both natural and anthropogenic hazards. Current
events help to emphasise the importance of the analysis and
management of risk to planners and researchers around the world.
Natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, fires,
epidemics, transportation, climate change, fake news and others
have always affected human societies. The more recent emergence of
the importance of man-made hazards is a consequence of the rapid
technological advances made in the last few centuries. The
interaction of natural and anthropogenic risks adds to the
complexity of the problems.
Islamic architecture has enriched design with a wide variety of
structural shapes, including among others, unique arches, a wide
variety of vaults and domes which allow for new forms to be
developed. This volume deals with the design of many types of
buildings in Islamic countries, including not only the better known
public buildings like mosques, mausolea, citadels and forts, but
also houses and gardens, engineering works such as bridges and
dams, irrigation systems and many others which have also had a
profound impact on society. There is much to learn from past
experiences to arrive at solutions that are environmentally sound
and sustainable in the long term. As conventional energy resources
become scarce, the Islamic design heritage can offer invaluable
lessons on how to deal in an efficient manner with cases of hard
and extreme environments. Traditional architecture and urban
environments in most Islamic countries are now being eroded by
overemphasis on a global type of architecture and city planning. As
a consequence, many regions are losing their identity. The included
research reviews these developments in the light of what the
classical Islamic urban designs and architectures have to offer
modern society. Equally as important is the analysis of the
materials employed and the types of structural elements,
particularly those unique to Islamic architecture. Associated
topics considered are music, textiles and ceramics, which are
essential parts of the architectural fabric. Also included are
papers on construction materials, not only stone and brick but also
more perishable materials like adobe, wood and reeds. Preserving
this heritage also requires the development of appropriate
conservation techniques in response to the different materials used
and the ways structural forms work, including under extreme
conditions, such as earthquakes. The influence of Islamic
architecture on the development of new structural form, shape and
design in Western countries is also a focus of the included
studies.
The use of novel materials and new structural concepts nowadays is
not restricted to highly technical areas like aerospace,
aeronautical applications or the automotive industry, but affects
all engineering fields including those such as civil engineering
and architecture. The included contributions highlight the latest
developments in design and manufacturing. Most high-performance
structures require the development of a generation of new
materials, which can more easily resist a range of external stimuli
or react in a non-conventional manner. Particular emphasis is
placed on intelligent structures and materials as well as the
application of computational methods for their modelling, control
and management. The book also addresses the topic of design
optimisation. Contributions cover numerical methods, different
optimisation techniques and new software. Optimisation problems
include those related to the size, shape and topology of structures
and materials. Optimisation techniques have much to offer to those
involved in the design of new industrial products, as the
appearance of powerful commercial computer codes has created a
fertile field for the incorporation of optimisation in the design
process of all engineering disciplines. The performance of
structures under shock and impact loads is another area covered.
The increasing need to protect civilian infrastructure and
industrial facilities against unintentional loads arising from
accidental impact and explosion events as well as terrorist attacks
is reflected in the sustained interest worldwide. While advances
have been made in recent decades, many challenges remain, such as
developing more effective and efficient blast and impact mitigation
approaches or assessing the uncertainties associated with large and
small scale testing and validation of numerical and analytical
models. The overall aim is to move towards a better understanding
of the critical issues relating to the testing behaviour, modelling
and analyses of protective structures against blast and impact
loading. The studies contained in this volume were presented at the
International Conference on High Performance and Optimum Structures
and Materials Encompassing Shock and Impact Loading and address
issues involving advanced types of structures, particularly those
based on new concepts, and shock and impact resistance.
Various aspects of the urban environment, with an emphasis on
solutions leading towards sustainability, are the focus of the
research contained in this volume. The included papers were
presented at the 15th International Conference on Urban
Regeneration and Sustainability. The task of researchers is to
improve the capacity to manage human activities, pursuing welfare
and prosperity in the urban environment. Any investigation or
planning in a city ought to consider the relationships between the
parts and their connections with the living world. The dynamics of
its networks (flows of energy-matter, people, goods, information
and other resources) are fundamental for an understanding of the
evolving nature of today’s cities. Coastal areas and coastal
cities are an important area covered by this book, as they have
some specific features. Their strategic location facilitates
transportation and the development of related activities, but this
requires the existence of large ports, with the corresponding
increase in maritime and road traffic and all of the inherent
negative effects, and can be directly affected by the rise in sea
level. This requires the development of well-planned and managed
urban environments, not only for reasons of efficiency and
economics but also to avoid inflicting environmental degradation
that causes the deterioration of natural resources, quality of life
and human health. Urban agriculture and food sovereignty are
crucial issues that are included due to their impact on city life.
The scale of modern food production has created and exacerbated
many vulnerabilities and the feeding of cities is now infinitely
more complex. In recent years, there has been a rapid expansion in
initiatives and projects exploring innovative methods and processes
for sustainable food production. These projects are mainly focused
on providing alternative models that shift the power back from the
global food system to communities and farmers improving social
cohesion, health and wellbeing. These initiatives have demonstrated
that urban agriculture has the potential to transform our living
environment towards ecologically sustainable and healthy cities.
Architecture is very multi-disciplinary, attracting many different
professions. This is reflected in the contributions contained in
this volume and that were originally presented at the 9th
International Conference on Harmonisation between Architecture and
Nature. The included works review the challenges and new
opportunities of contemporary architecture as a result of advances
in design and new building technologies, as well as the development
of new materials. Many of the changes are motivated by a drive
towards eco-architecture, trying to harmonise architectural
products with nature. Another important issue is the adaptation of
the architectural design to the natural environment, learning from
nature and traditional construction techniques. Contemporary
architecture is at the threshold of a new stage of evolution,
deeply influenced by the advances in information and computer
systems and the development of new materials and products, as well
as construction processes that will drastically change the
industry. Emphasis is placed on the minimum use of energy at each
stage of the building process, the design by passive systems, life
cycle assessment, resources optimisation and rehabilitation. Never
before in history have architects and engineers had such a range of
new processes and products open to them. In spite of that, the
construction industry lags behind all others in taking advantage of
a wide variety of new technologies. This is understandable, due to
the inherent complexity and uniqueness of each architectural
project. Advances in computer and information systems, including
robotics, offers the possibility of developing new architectural
forms, construction products and building technologies that are
just now starting to emerge. Changes have also taken place in the
way modern society works and lives, due to the impact of modern
technologies. Patterns of work have been disrupted and changed,
affecting transportation and the home environment. The demand is
for a new type of habitat that can respond to the changes and the
consequent requirements in terms of the urban environment. Such
topics are dealt with as building technologies, design by passive
systems, design with nature, cultural sensitivity, life cycle
assessment, resources and rehabilitation and many others including
case studies from many different places around the world.
With the aim to facilitate the dissemination of research from both
academia and the industrial community, presented works from the
10th International Conference on Computational Methods and
Experiments in Material and Contact Characterisation are included
in this book. These papers discuss the latest developments in this
rapidly advancing field. The demand for high-quality production for
both industry and consumers has led to rapid developments in
materials science and engineering. This requires the
characterisation of the properties of the materials. Of particular
interest to industry and society is the knowledge of the surface
treatment and contact mechanics of these materials to determine the
in-service behaviour of components subject to contact conditions.
Modern society requires systems that operate at conditions that use
resources effectively. In terms of components durability, the
understanding of surface engineering wear frictional and
lubrication dynamics has never been so important. Current research
is focussed on modifications technologies that can increase the
surface durability of materials. The characteristics of the system
reveal which surface engineering methods should be chosen and as a
consequence, it is essential to study the combination of surface
treatment and contact mechanics. Combinations of different
experimental techniques as well as computer simulation methods are
essential to achieve a proper analysis. A very wide range of
materials, starting with metals through polymers and semiconductors
to composites, necessitates a whole spectrum of characteristic
experimental techniques and research methods. Topics covered
include: Experimental and measurement techniques; Mechanical
testing and characterisation; Composites; Characterisation at
multiple scales; Corrosion and erosion; Damage, fatigue and
fracture; Recycled and reclaimed materials; Emerging materials and
processing technology; Materials for energy systems; Contact
mechanics; Coatings and surface treatments; Tribology and design;
Biomechanical characterisation and applications; Residual stresses;
Polymers and plastics; Computational methods and simulation;
Biological materials; Evaluation and material processing.
The field of fluid mechanics is vast and has numerous and diverse
applications. Presented papers from the 11th International
Conference on Advances in Fluid Dynamics with emphasis on
Multiphase and Complex Flow are contained in this book and cover a
wide range of topics, including basic formulations and their
computer modelling as well as the relationship between experimental
and analytical results. Innovation in fluid-structure approaches
including emerging applications as energy harvesting systems,
studies of turbulent flows at high Reynold number, or subsonic and
hypersonic flows are also among the topics covered. The emphasis
placed on multiphase flow in the included research works is due to
the fact that fluid dynamics processes in nature are predominantly
multi-phased, i.e. involving more than one phase of a component
such as liquid, gas or plasma. The range of related problems of
interest is vast: astrophysics, biology, geophysics, atmospheric
processes, and a large variety of engineering applications.
Multiphase fluid dynamics are generating a great deal interest,
leading to many notable advances in experimental, analytical, and
numerical studies in this area. While progress is continuing in all
three categories, advances in numerical solutions are likely the
most conspicuous, owing to the continuing improvements in computer
power and the software tools available to researchers. Progress in
numerical methods has not only allowed for the solution of many
practical problems but also helped to improve our understanding of
the physics involved. Many unresolved issues are inherent in the
very definition of multiphase flow, where it is necessary to
consider coupled processes on multiple scales, as well as the
interplay of a wide variety of relevant physical phenomena.
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