The EU is faced with the perpetual challenge of guaranteeing effective enforcement of its law and policies. This book brings together leading EU scholars in law, politics and regulation, to explore the wealth of new legal and regulatory strategies, practices, and actors that are emerging to complement the classic avenues of central and decentralised enforcement. The contributors evaluate the traditional 'dual vigilance' framework of enforcement before examining network(ed) enforcement from theoretical, empirical and legal perspectives. They assess innovations in key EU policy fields such as the environment, consumer protection, competition, freedom, security and justice, and economic governance. This multi-disciplinary book will be of use to students and academics in law, political science, regulation and public policy. It will also interest policy makers in EU institutions, national administrations and courts engaged in the implementation and enforcement of EU law and policy. Contributors: E. Baker, P. Cortes, S. Drake, M. Eliantonio, M. Hobolth, M. Lottini, D.S. Martinsen, R. Murphy, C. Petrucci, J. Polak, M. Smith, J. Van der Heijden, E. Versluis

In the current decentralised system of European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) law enforcement, national courts play a crucial role in securing the effectiveness and application of the law. A great deal of legal research has been expounded on how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Free Trade Association Court (EFTA Court) have established and developed the key mechanism for doing so - namely the principle of consistent interpretation. Yet the principle's scope and limits can only be fully understood if one looks to the final outcome of cases at national level, and how national courts charged with the duty of applying the principle actually do so when faced with such issues in practice.Adopting an ambitious and consistent approach, contributors from 12 European states therefore examine the reception of the principle through national case-law, focusing on three issues: reception and understanding of the concept, its criteria for application, and its limitations. The individual contributions are further synthesised and compared in an overarching comparative chapter that identifies considerable tension between the goals of uniform and homogenous application of the principles, and a plurality of different approaches at national level. The findings further touch on a broader range of issues, providing the reader with insights into the cooperative dialogue between European and national courts more generally.The Effectiveness and Application of EU and EEA Law in National Courts will be of interest to academics, students, EU/EEA/EFTA and national institutional actors, judges, practitioners, and anyone interested in gaining unique insights into the workings of EU and EEA law and culture in practice.

A collection of dark and light poems. If your soul could speak to your heart what would it say? Some of the poems are when you are trapped in the dark. Others more inspirational. If you are fighting yourself in the dark, don't give up Reach for the light, for it is always there. Know that you are never truly alone.

The moment Jasmine Brown turns eighteen, everything changes. Awakened to her true identity which involves soul mates, an angel and a curse, Jasmine is no longer your average person. Instead she is damned to endure life time after life, on a quest to find her beloved soul mate. In many of her lives things are often stacked against her and this life is no exception. This time around a formidable foe has made their presence known. But she discovers not only has he always been in the background, but he is responsible for guaranteeing things are never plain sailing for the pair. Luckily one thing tips the balance though; her guardian Angel. Guiding her, he tries to protect her from her tormentor and keep her grounded. But even he fears this time it will take all her strength and faith to overcome her demons. Can she conquer this life? Only time will tell.