The close proximity of wild animals to human settlements in the Gir forests has given rise to a number of management problems. The extensive agricultural lands around Gir are blessed with fertile black cotton soil on which the farmers grow a whole variety of crops including fruits. Wild herbivores, particularly wild boar, nilgai, chital, porcupine and to some extent chinkara and blackbuck as well, cause extensive damage to these crops. At the same time, lions and leopards have also been making frequent forays into the peripheral areas to predate on livestock. The cases of lion and leopard attacking people are also on the rise, a good percentage of which are fatal.

The present study highlights the dependency of local people on natural resources of Jhilmil Jheel conservation reserve in Uttarakhand State, India. People of Tantwala village depend on natural resources like fuel wood, timber, fodder, fruits, medicinal herbs, honey, fish, aonla, etc.During the study of dependency of local community of Jhilmil Jheel, three aspects are take in to account: first, stakeholders at the wetland level belonging to one of a number of nonexclusive groups such as a. The livestock owner or herder has the all year round and dry session grazing in wetland. b. The wetland cultivator are of two types one of them is cash crops and second is subsistence purpose. In some case, third type is perennial. a. The water collectors are the human consumption, livestock consumption, drinking and sanitation. b. The reed provides thatch for domestic and ceremonial purposes. c. Minor plant are collected for the health, veterinary and domestic purposes. Second, socioeconomic conditions of people living around Jhilmil Jheel are poor, no opportunities for income generation and work mainly as farmers and labours.

The Gir forests were constituted into wildlife sanctuary in 1965 and its core area notified as national park in 1975. The protection thus accorded to the area enhanced the flora and fauna attributes. However this fame rested largely on its being the last refuge of Asiatic lion, and the lion shows organized by the forest department became very popular with the visitors where they could see and photograph this majestic beast with relative ease. It also made the Gir, one of the most well-known and visited protected areas in the country. The lion show came to be seen as an over exposure, causing apprehensions about animal loosing its natural instincts, and the shows were stopped in 1988.Tourism receives about 2 million visitors annually. With this sector, a trend described as nature tourism and ecotourism. Within the Gir protected area, there are 26 temple complexes where more than 1.5 lakh pilgrims visit annually. Of these however, only three may be considered the major ones - Tulsishyam, Kankai, and Banej which together account for most of the pilgrim traffic in the PA.The current study was to find out the impact of tourism on Gir PA.

Jhilmil Jheel is a saucer shaped wetland situated on the left bank of River Ganges in Chiriyapur forest range of Haridwar district in Uttarakhand State, India.The sighting of swamp deer in this area was reported by the authours on 1st February, 2005.Later, on 14 August 2005, the area was declared among one of the first Conservation Reserve in India by the Hon President of India Prof Abdul Kalam.The area is rich in faunal and floral diversity including four species of deer (Chital, Sambar, Barking deer and Swamp deer), Wild Elephant, Nilgai and Common leopard occasionally tiger and a large number of resident and winter migratory birds.Tantpur village is the only village adjacent to Jhilmil Jheel. The village came into existence only after 1950's.These villagers strongly support conservation of Swamp deer in Jhilmil Jheel.Efforts are made here to highlight the management needs for the betterment in conserving Swamp deer, its habitat and as a whole flora and fauna of the Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve with the cooperation of people of adjacent Tantwala village.

Gir Wildlife Sancatuary covers an area of 1412 sq km tract with stunted deciduous teak forest mostly plated in the past and thorny savannah in the district of Junagadh in Gujarata State, India.Before my study three studies were conducted between 1968- 72.My study was concentrated on the people, livestock and anthropogenic pressures, Cases of illigal hunting and wood cutting inside the sanctuary area, habitat study, lions movement, breeding, food and feeding behaviour of lion and impact of lion shows and Devaliya Safari Park build for the lion show.

Shorttitle The Asiatic one-horned Rhinoceros/ Greater Indian One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is endangered species of Indian mega fauna.Once Indian One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) roamed over the Indus, Gangetic to Brahamputra flood plains of the Indian sub- continent.At present the Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros has total population of about 2800 animals in India and Nepal. In India, currently its population is restricted to four natural populations in Assam viz Kaziranga, Manas, Orang (Rajiv Gandhi WLS) and Pobitora, two natural populations in West Bengal viz Jaldapara and Gorumara and one re- introduced population in Dudhwa NP and one migratory population in Katerniaghat UP.In Nepal, the three rhino populations are in Royal Chitwan NP, Royal Bardia N.P and Sulkhlaphanta WLS. The Rhino of Royal Chitwan N.P. is a natural population while Royal Bardia NP and Sukhlaphanta WLS have the re- introduced population. The Kaziranga National Park in Assam (India) has the highest population of Rhino (2084) and Pobitora WLS (84 rhinos in 16 sq km area) followed by Royal Chitwan N.P. in Nepal (408 rhinos) in 2010.

Rhino Reintroduction Programme in Dudhwa National Park /Tiger Reserve, in 2010, is going to celebrate its 25 years of successful reintroduction in the field of wildlife conservation and management. For the first time in India reintroduction of rhinos from Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam and Chitwan National Park, Nepal, rhinos reintroduced into former range of its distribution in Dudhwa NP took place in two phases in 1984 and 1985.Of the total of nine rhinos translocate to Dudhwa Tiger Reserve seven survived in excellent health and these consisted of the young female and both the males of 1984 translocation from Assam, and all four young females of the 1985 from Nepal. Thus, these seven rhinos constituted the seed population of rhinos at Dudhwa National Park. In 1988, one adult male from Assam died after fought with another dominant male. Again in 1991, a female, from Nepal died due internal infection and abortion. She also lost her male calf in 1993 killed by the dominating male. The present rhino population of total 30 rhino comprise of 25 calves of different age and 5 rhinos of founder population (2010).