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This volume reproduces key historical texts concerning `colonial
knowledges'. The use of the adjective 'colonial' indicates that
knowledge is shaped by power relationships, while the use of the
plural form, 'knowledges' indicates the emphasis in this collection
is on an interplay between different, often competing, cognitive
systems. George Balandier's notion of the colonial situation is an
organising principle that runs throughout the volume, and there are
four sub-themes: language and texts, categorical knowledge, the
circulation of knowledge and indigenous knowledge. The volume is
designed to introduce students to a range of important
interventions which speak to each other today, even if they were
not intended to do so when first published. An introductory essay
links the themes together and explains the significance of the
individual articles.
South Africa's transition to a post-apartheid democracy has been
widely celebrated as a triumph for global human rights. Yet, less
than a generation after the achievement of freedom, the future of
human rights and constitutionalism in South Africa is uncertain.
This book seeks to explain how and why the apartheid government and
the ANC both 'discovered' human rights in the mid-1980s. It does so
by exploring several rights 'regimes' over two centuries: African
nationalist, liberal, and republican. Although fragmented and
episodic, these traditions help explain why rights discourse and
constitutionalism gained broad acceptance in the last decade of the
twentieth century, and momentarily aligned South Africa with
broader global trends.
Offering a selection of significant essays contributed by prominent
writers of various perspectives, "Segregation and Apartheid in 20th
Century South Africa" is and unparalleled introduction to this
highly contentious and absorbing subject of international import.
The collection is supplemented by a specially written introduction
by editors William Beinhart and Saul Dubow, which contextualizes
the historiographical controversy. This introduction is
comprehensive and current, taking into account the 1994 election
and associated changes.
Also included in this volume are explanatory notes and article
summaries, and a glossary of unusual terms which make this
collection easily accessible to all interested readers.
This new study offers a fresh interpretation of apartheid South
Africa. Emerging out of the author's long-standing interests in the
history of racial segregation, and drawing on a great deal of new
scholarship, archival collections, and personal memoirs, he
situates apartheid in global as well as local contexts. The overall
conception of Apartheid, 1948-1994 is to integrate studies of
resistance with the analysis of power, paying attention to the
importance of ideas, institutions, and culture. Saul Dubow
refamiliarises and defamiliarise apartheid so as to approach South
Africa's white supremacist past from unlikely perspectives. He asks
not only why apartheid was defeated, but how it survived so long.
He neither presumes the rise of apartheid nor its demise. This
synoptic reinterpretation is designed to introduce students to
apartheid and to generate new questions for experts in the field.
This volume reproduces key historical texts concerning `colonial
knowledges'. The use of the adjective 'colonial' indicates that
knowledge is shaped by power relationships, while the use of the
plural form, 'knowledges' indicates the emphasis in this collection
is on an interplay between different, often competing, cognitive
systems. George Balandier's notion of the colonial situation is an
organising principle that runs throughout the volume, and there are
four sub-themes: language and texts, categorical knowledge, the
circulation of knowledge and indigenous knowledge. The volume is
designed to introduce students to a range of important
interventions which speak to each other today, even if they were
not intended to do so when first published. An introductory essay
links the themes together and explains the significance of the
individual articles.
This edited collection draws together new historical writing on the
Commonwealth. It features the work of younger scholars, as well as
established academics, and highlights themes such as law and
sovereignty, republicanism and the monarchy, French engagement with
the Commonwealth, the anti-apartheid struggle, race and
immigration, memory and commemoration, and banking. The volume
focusses less on the Commonwealth as an institution than on the
relevance and meaning of the Commonwealth to its member countries
and peoples. By adopting oblique, de-centred, approaches to
Commonwealth history, unusual or overlooked connections are brought
to the fore while old problems are looked at from fresh vantage
points - be this turning points like the relationship between 'old'
and `new' Commonwealth members from 1949, or the distinctive roles
of major figures like Jawaharlal Nehru or Jan Smuts. The volume
thereby aims to refresh interest in Commonwealth history as a field
of comparative international history.
"A strength of the volume is its coverage of the "applied" aspects
of knowledge, from Anthropology through to Eugenics and state and
social planning. There is also a commendable sensitivity to the
unique ethnic dynamics of southern Africa, not least, for example,
the complications of an "indigenized" and powerful Afrikaner
nationalism." Donal Lowry, Oxford Brookes University This
collection, dealing with case studies drawn from South Africa,
Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Mauritius, examines the relationship
between scientific claims and practices on the one hand and the
exercise of colonial power on the other. It challenges conventional
views that portray science as a detached mode of reasoning with the
capacity to confer benefits in a more or less even-handed manner.
That science has the potential to further the collective good is
not fundamentally at issue, but science can also be seen as
complicit in processes of colonial domination. Not only did science
assist in bolstering aspects of colonial power and exploitation, it
also possessed a significant ideological component: it offered a
means of legitimating colonial authority by counter-poising Western
rationality to native superstition and it served to enhance the
self-image of colonial or settler elites in important respects.
This innovative volume ranges broadly through topics such as
statistics, medicine, eugenics, agriculture, entomology and botany.
Its interdisciplinary approach will find a readership amongst
historians, sociologists, anthropologists and historians of science
and medicine, both at an undergraduate and at a specialist level.
Contributions are drawn from South Africa, Britain and North
America.
This analysis of the historical development of racial segregation
in South Africa between the World War I and II casts light on the
period immediately before the advent of modern-day apartheid and
provides an account of the ideological, political and
administrative origins of apartheid. Segregation is seen here as a
complex combination of ideas and policies which aimed to entrench
and legitimize the basis of white domination in South Africa. The
authors feel that in essence, it represented an attempt to uphold
white supremacy by containing the powerful social forces unleashed
by South Africa's rapid process of industrialization. The work is
based on archival research in South Africa and aims to draw upon
some of the most recent scholarship.
Based on extensive archival research in South Africa and drawing on
the most recent scholarship, this book is an original and lucid
exposition of the ideological, political and administrative origins
of Apartheid. It will add substantially to the understanding of
contemporary South Africa.
As South Africa moves towards majority rule, and blacks begin to exercise direct political power, apartheid becomes a thing of the past - but its legacy in South African history will be indelible. this book is designed to introduce students to a range of interpretations of one of South Africa's central social characteristics: racial segregation. It: • brings together eleven articles which span the whole history of segregation from its origins to its final collapse • reviews the new historiography of segregation and the wide variety of intellectual traditions on which it is based • includes a glossary, explanatory notes and further reading.
The human rights movement in South Africa's transition to a
postapartheid democracy has been widely celebrated as a triumph for
global human rights. It was a key aspect of the political
transition, often referred to as a miracle, which brought majority
rule and democracy to South Africa. The country's new constitution,
its Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and the moral authority of
Nelson Mandela stand as exemplary proof of this achievement. Yet,
less than a generation after the achievement of freedom, the status
of human rights and constitutionalism in South Africa is uncertain.
In government the ANC has displayed an inconsistent attitude to the
protection, and advancement, of hard-won freedoms and rights, and
it is not at all clear that a broader civic and political
consciousness of the importance of rights is rooting itself more
widely in popular culture.
This is the first full-length study of the history of intellectual
and scientific racism in modern South Africa. Ranging broadly
across disciplines in the social sciences, sciences and humanities,
it charts the rise of scientific racism during the late nineteenth
century and the subsequent decline of biological determinism from
the mid-twentieth century, and considers the complex relationship
between theories of essential racial difference and the political
rise of segregation and apartheid. Saul Dubow draws extensively on
comparable studies of intellectual racism in Europe and the United
States to demonstrate the selective absorption of widely prevalent
conceptions of racial difference in the particular historical
context of South Africa, and the issues he addresses are of
relevance to both Africanist and international students of racism
and race relations.
South Africa provides a unique vantage point from which to examine
the scientific imagination over the last three centuries, when its
position on the African continent made it a staging post for
Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonialism. In the eighteenth
century, South African plants and animals caught the imagination of
visiting Europeans. In the nineteenth century, science became
central to imperial conquest, devastating wars, agricultural
intensification and the exploitation of rich mineral resources.
Scientific work both facilitated, and offered alternatives to, the
imposition of segregation and apartheid in the twentieth century.
William Beinart and Saul Dubow offer an innovative exploration of
science and technology in this complex, divided society. Bridging a
range of disciplines from astronomy to zoology, they demonstrate
how scientific knowledge shaped South Africa's peculiar path to
modernity. In so doing, they examine the work of remarkable
individual scientists and institutions, as well as the
contributions of leading politicians from Jan Smuts to Thabo Mbeki.
South Africa provides a unique vantage point from which to examine
the scientific imagination over the last three centuries, when its
position on the African continent made it a staging post for
Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonialism. In the eighteenth
century, South African plants and animals caught the imagination of
visiting Europeans. In the nineteenth century, science became
central to imperial conquest, devastating wars, agricultural
intensification and the exploitation of rich mineral resources.
Scientific work both facilitated, and offered alternatives to, the
imposition of segregation and apartheid in the twentieth century.
William Beinart and Saul Dubow offer an innovative exploration of
science and technology in this complex, divided society. Bridging a
range of disciplines from astronomy to zoology, they demonstrate
how scientific knowledge shaped South Africa's peculiar path to
modernity. In so doing, they examine the work of remarkable
individual scientists and institutions, as well as the
contributions of leading politicians from Jan Smuts to Thabo Mbeki.
A Commonwealth of Knowledge addresses the relationship between
social and scientific thought, colonial identity, and political
power in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Africa. It hinges
on the tension between colonial knowledge, conceived of as a
universal, modernizing force, and its realization in the context of
a society divided along complex ethnic and racial fault-lines. By
means of detailed analysis of colonial cultures, literary and
scientific institutions, and expert historical thinking about South
Africa and its peoples, it demonstrates the ways in which the
cultivation of knowledge has served to support white political
ascendancy and claims to nationhood. In a sustained commentary on
modern South African historiography, the significance of `broad'
South Africanism - a political tradition designed to transcend
differences between white English- and Afrikaans-speakers - is
emphasized. A Commonwealth of Knowledge also engages with wider
comparative debates. These include the nature of imperial and
colonial knowledge systems; the role of intellectual ideas and
concepts in constituting ethnic, racial, and regional identities;
the dissemination of ideas between imperial metropole and colonial
periphery; the emergence of amateur and professional intellectual
communities; and the encounter between imperial and indigenous or
local knowledge systems. The book has broad scope. It opens with a
discussion of civic institutions (eg. museums, libraries, botanical
gardens and scientific societies), and assesses their role in
creating a distinctive sense of Cape colonial identity; the book
goes on to discuss the ways in which scientific and other forms of
knowledge contributed to the development of a capacious South
Africanist patriotism compatible with continued membership of the
British Commonwealth; it concludes with reflections on the
techno-nationalism of the apartheid state and situates contemporary
concerns like the `African Renaissance', and responses to HIV/AIDS,
in broad historical context.
This book is the first full-length study of the history of
intellectual and scientific racism in modern South Africa. Ranging
broadly across disciplines in the social sciences, sciences and
humanities, it charts the rise of scientific racism and biological
determinism from the late nineteenth century until the middle of
the twentieth. Set against the rise of apartheid, the book
illuminates the complex relationship between theories of essential
racial difference and the development of white supremacist
thinking. Saul Dubow draws extensively on comparable studies of
intellectual racism in Europe and the United States to demonstrate
the selective absorption of widely prevalent conceptions of racial
difference in the particular historical context of South Africa.
The issues he addresses are of relevance to both Africanist and
international students of racism and race relations.
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