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This book contributes to the body of scholarly knowledge by
exploring the main ideas of wireless networks of past, present, and
future, trends in the field of networking, the capabilities of 5G
and technologies that are potential enablers of 6G, potential 6G
applications and requirements, as well as unique challenges and
opportunities that 6G research is going to offer over the next
decade. It covers research topics such as communication via
millimeter-waves, terahertz waves and visible light to enable
faster speeds, as well as research into achieving other basic
requirements of 6G networks. These include low end-to-end latency,
high energy efficiency, coverage that is ubiquitous and always-on,
integration of terrestrial wireless with non-terrestrial networks,
network management that is made more effective by connected
intelligence with machine learning capabilities, as well as support
for the evolution of old service classes and support for new ones.
This peer-reviewed book explores the technologies driving broadband
internet connectivity in the fourth industrial revolution (Industry
4.0). It particularly focuses on potential solutions to introduce
these technologies in emerging markets and rural areas, regions
that typically form part of the digital divide and often have
under-developed telecommunications infrastructures, a lack of
skilled workers, and geographical restrictions that limit broadband
connectivity. Research shows that ubiquitous internet access boosts
socio-economic growth through innovations in science and
technology, with the common goal of bringing positive change to the
lives of individuals. Fifth-generation (5G) networks based on
millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency information transfer have the
potential to provide future-proof, affordable and sustainable
broadband connectivity in areas where previous-generation mobile
networks were unable to do so. This book discusses the principles
of various technologies that enable electronic circuits to operate
at mm-wave frequencies. It examines the importance of identifying,
describing, and analyzing technology from a purely technological
standpoint, but also acknowledges and investigates the challenges
and limitations of introducing such technologies in emerging
markets. Presenting recent research, the book spearheads
participation in Industry 4.0 in these areas.
This peer-reviewed book explores the methodologies that are used
for effective research, design and innovation in the vast field of
millimeter-wave circuits, and describes how these have to be
modified to fit the uniqueness of high-frequency nanoelectronics
design. Each chapter focuses on a specific research challenge
related to either small form factors or higher operating
frequencies. The book first examines nanodevice scaling and the
emerging electronic design automation tools that can be used in
millimeter-wave research, as well as the singular challenges of
combining deep-submicron and millimeter-wave design. It also
demonstrates the importance of considering, in the millimeter-wave
context, system-level design leading to differing packaging
options. Further, it presents integrated circuit design
methodologies for all major transceiver blocks typically employed
at millimeter-wave frequencies, as these methodologies are normally
fundamentally different from the traditional design methodologies
used in analogue and lower-frequency electronics. Lastly, the book
discusses the methodologies of millimeter-wave research and design
for extreme or harsh environments, rebooting electronics, the
additional opportunities for terahertz research, and the main
differences between the approaches taken in millimeter-wave
research and terahertz research.
This book contributes to the body of scholarly knowledge by
exploring the main ideas of wireless networks of past, present, and
future, trends in the field of networking, the capabilities of 5G
and technologies that are potential enablers of 6G, potential 6G
applications and requirements, as well as unique challenges and
opportunities that 6G research is going to offer over the next
decade. It covers research topics such as communication via
millimeter-waves, terahertz waves and visible light to enable
faster speeds, as well as research into achieving other basic
requirements of 6G networks. These include low end-to-end latency,
high energy efficiency, coverage that is ubiquitous and always-on,
integration of terrestrial wireless with non-terrestrial networks,
network management that is made more effective by connected
intelligence with machine learning capabilities, as well as support
for the evolution of old service classes and support for new ones.
This peer-reviewed book explores the methodologies that are used
for effective research, design and innovation in the vast field of
millimeter-wave circuits, and describes how these have to be
modified to fit the uniqueness of high-frequency nanoelectronics
design. Each chapter focuses on a specific research challenge
related to either small form factors or higher operating
frequencies. The book first examines nanodevice scaling and the
emerging electronic design automation tools that can be used in
millimeter-wave research, as well as the singular challenges of
combining deep-submicron and millimeter-wave design. It also
demonstrates the importance of considering, in the millimeter-wave
context, system-level design leading to differing packaging
options. Further, it presents integrated circuit design
methodologies for all major transceiver blocks typically employed
at millimeter-wave frequencies, as these methodologies are normally
fundamentally different from the traditional design methodologies
used in analogue and lower-frequency electronics. Lastly, the book
discusses the methodologies of millimeter-wave research and design
for extreme or harsh environments, rebooting electronics, the
additional opportunities for terahertz research, and the main
differences between the approaches taken in millimeter-wave
research and terahertz research.
This book presents an investigative approach to
globalization-driving technologies that efficiently deliver
ubiquitous, last-mile, broadband internet access to emerging
markets and rural areas. Research has shown that ubiquitous
internet access boosts socio-economic growth through innovations in
science and technology, and has a positive effect on the lives of
individuals. Last-mile internet access in developing countries is
not only intended to provide areas with stable, efficient, and
cost-effective broadband capabilities, but also to encourage the
use of connectivity for human capacity development. The book offers
an overview of the principles of various technologies, such as
light fidelity and millimeter-wave backhaul, as last-mile internet
solutions and describes these potential solutions from a signal
propagation perspective. It also provides readers with the notional
context needed to understand their operation, benefits, and
limitations, and enables them to investigate feasible and tailored
solutions to ensure sustainable infrastructures that are expandable
and maintainable.
This book provides readers a thorough understanding of the
applicability of new-generation silicon-germanium (SiGe) electronic
subsystems for electronic warfare and defensive countermeasures in
military contexts. It explains in detail the theoretical and
technical background, and addresses all aspects of the integration
of SiGe as an enabling technology for maritime, land, and airborne
/ spaceborne electronic warfare, including research, design,
development, and implementation. The coverage is supported by
mathematical derivations, informative illustrations, practical
examples, and case studies. While SiGe technology provides speed,
performance, and price advantages in many markets, to date only
limited information has been available on its use in electronic
warfare systems, especially in developing nations. Addressing that
need, this book offers essential engineering guidelines that
especially focus on the speed and reliability of current-generation
SiGe circuits and highlight emerging innovations that help to
ensure the sustainable long-term integration of SiGe into
electronic warfare systems.
This book comprehensively reviews the state of the art in
millimeter-wave antennas, traces important recent developments and
provides information on a wide range of antenna configurations and
applications. While fundamental theoretical aspects are discussed
whenever necessary, the book primarily focuses on design principles
and concepts, manufacture, measurement techniques, and practical
results. Each of the various antenna types scalable to
millimeter-wave dimensions is considered individually, with
coverage of leaky-wave and surface-wave antennas, printed antennas,
integrated antennas, and reflector and lens systems. The final two
chapters address the subject from a systems perspective, providing
an overview of supporting circuitry and examining in detail diverse
millimeter-wave applications, including high-speed wireless
communications, radio astronomy, and radar. The vast amount of
information now available on millimeter-wave systems can be
daunting for researchers and designers entering the field. This
book offers readers essential guidance, helping them to gain a
thorough understanding based on the most recent research findings
and serving as a sound basis for informed decision-making.
This book is the first standalone book that combines research into
low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) with research into millimeter-wave
circuits. In compiling this book, the authors have set two research
objectives. The first is to bring together the research context
behind millimeter-wave circuit operation and the theory of
low-noise amplification. The second is to present new research in
this multi-disciplinary field by dividing the common LNA
configurations and typical specifications into subsystems, which
are then optimized separately to suggest improvements in the
current state-of-the-art designs. To achieve the second research
objective, the state-of-the-art LNA configurations are discussed
and the weaknesses of state-of the art configurations are
considered, thus identifying research gaps. Such research gaps,
among others, point towards optimization - at a systems and
microelectronics level. Optimization topics include the influence
of short wavelength, layout and crosstalk on LNA performance.
Advanced fabrication technologies used to decrease the parasitics
of passive and active devices are also explored, together with
packaging technologies such as silicon-on-chip and
silicon-on-package, which are proposed as alternatives to
traditional IC implementation. This research outcome builds through
innovation. Innovative ideas for LNA construction are explored, and
alternative design methodologies are deployed, including
LNA/antenna co-design or utilization of the electronic design
automation in the research flow. The book also offers the authors'
proposal for streamlined automated LNA design flow, which focuses
on LNA as a collection of highly optimized subsystems.
This book provides a detailed review of millimeter-wave power
amplifiers, discussing design issues and performance limitations
commonly encountered in light of the latest research. Power
amplifiers, which are able to provide high levels of output power
and linearity while being easily integrated with surrounding
circuitry, are a crucial component in wireless microwave systems.
The book is divided into three parts, the first of which introduces
readers to mm-wave wireless systems and power amplifiers. In turn,
the second focuses on design principles and EDA concepts, while the
third discusses future trends in power amplifier research. The book
provides essential information on mm-wave power amplifier theory,
as well as the implementation options and technologies involved in
their effective design, equipping researchers, circuit designers
and practicing engineers to design, model, analyze, test and
implement high-performance, spectrally clean and energy-efficient
mm-wave systems.
This book explores the microsensing technologies and systems now
available to monitor the quality of air and water within the urban
environment and examines their role in the creation of sustainable
cities against the background of the challenges posed by rapid
urbanization. The opening section addresses the theoretical and
conceptual background of microsensing networks. The coverage
includes detailed description of microsensors, supported by
design-specific equations, and clear explanation of the ways in
which devices that harvest energy from ambient sources can detect
and quantify pollution. The practical application of such systems
in addressing environmental impacts within cities and in
sustainable urban planning is then discussed with the aid of case
studies in developing countries. The book will be of interest to
all who wish to understand the benefits of microsensing networks in
promoting sustainable cities through better delivery of information
on health hazards and improved provision of data to environmental
agencies and regulatory bodies in order to assist in monitoring,
decision-making, and regulatory enforcement.
This book provides a detailed review of power amplifiers, including
classes and topologies rarely covered in books, and supplies
sufficient information to allow the reader to design an entire
amplifier system, and not just the power amplification stage. A
central aim is to furnish readers with ideas on how to simplify the
design process for a preferred power amplifier stage by introducing
software-based routines in a programming language of their choice.
The book is in two parts, the first focusing on power amplifier
theory and the second on EDA concepts. Readers will gain enough
knowledge of RF and microwave transmission theory, principles of
active and passive device design and manufacturing, and power
amplifier design concepts to allow them to quickly create their own
programs, which will help to accelerate the transceiver design
process. All circuit designers facing the challenge of designing an
RF or microwave power amplifier for frequencies from 2 to 18 GHz
will find this book to be a valuable asset.
This book is the first standalone book that combines research into
low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) with research into millimeter-wave
circuits. In compiling this book, the authors have set two research
objectives. The first is to bring together the research context
behind millimeter-wave circuit operation and the theory of
low-noise amplification. The second is to present new research in
this multi-disciplinary field by dividing the common LNA
configurations and typical specifications into subsystems, which
are then optimized separately to suggest improvements in the
current state-of-the-art designs. To achieve the second research
objective, the state-of-the-art LNA configurations are discussed
and the weaknesses of state-of the art configurations are
considered, thus identifying research gaps. Such research gaps,
among others, point towards optimization - at a systems and
microelectronics level. Optimization topics include the influence
of short wavelength, layout and crosstalk on LNA performance.
Advanced fabrication technologies used to decrease the parasitics
of passive and active devices are also explored, together with
packaging technologies such as silicon-on-chip and
silicon-on-package, which are proposed as alternatives to
traditional IC implementation. This research outcome builds through
innovation. Innovative ideas for LNA construction are explored, and
alternative design methodologies are deployed, including
LNA/antenna co-design or utilization of the electronic design
automation in the research flow. The book also offers the authors'
proposal for streamlined automated LNA design flow, which focuses
on LNA as a collection of highly optimized subsystems.
This book provides a detailed review of millimeter-wave power
amplifiers, discussing design issues and performance limitations
commonly encountered in light of the latest research. Power
amplifiers, which are able to provide high levels of output power
and linearity while being easily integrated with surrounding
circuitry, are a crucial component in wireless microwave systems.
The book is divided into three parts, the first of which introduces
readers to mm-wave wireless systems and power amplifiers. In turn,
the second focuses on design principles and EDA concepts, while the
third discusses future trends in power amplifier research. The book
provides essential information on mm-wave power amplifier theory,
as well as the implementation options and technologies involved in
their effective design, equipping researchers, circuit designers
and practicing engineers to design, model, analyze, test and
implement high-performance, spectrally clean and energy-efficient
mm-wave systems.
This book provides readers a thorough understanding of the
applicability of new-generation silicon-germanium (SiGe) electronic
subsystems for electronic warfare and defensive countermeasures in
military contexts. It explains in detail the theoretical and
technical background, and addresses all aspects of the integration
of SiGe as an enabling technology for maritime, land, and airborne
/ spaceborne electronic warfare, including research, design,
development, and implementation. The coverage is supported by
mathematical derivations, informative illustrations, practical
examples, and case studies. While SiGe technology provides speed,
performance, and price advantages in many markets, to date only
limited information has been available on its use in electronic
warfare systems, especially in developing nations. Addressing that
need, this book offers essential engineering guidelines that
especially focus on the speed and reliability of current-generation
SiGe circuits and highlight emerging innovations that help to
ensure the sustainable long-term integration of SiGe into
electronic warfare systems.
This book explores the microsensing technologies and systems now
available to monitor the quality of air and water within the urban
environment and examines their role in the creation of sustainable
cities against the background of the challenges posed by rapid
urbanization. The opening section addresses the theoretical and
conceptual background of microsensing networks. The coverage
includes detailed description of microsensors, supported by
design-specific equations, and clear explanation of the ways in
which devices that harvest energy from ambient sources can detect
and quantify pollution. The practical application of such systems
in addressing environmental impacts within cities and in
sustainable urban planning is then discussed with the aid of case
studies in developing countries. The book will be of interest to
all who wish to understand the benefits of microsensing networks in
promoting sustainable cities through better delivery of information
on health hazards and improved provision of data to environmental
agencies and regulatory bodies in order to assist in monitoring,
decision-making, and regulatory enforcement.
This book provides a detailed review of power amplifiers, including
classes and topologies rarely covered in books, and supplies
sufficient information to allow the reader to design an entire
amplifier system, and not just the power amplification stage. A
central aim is to furnish readers with ideas on how to simplify the
design process for a preferred power amplifier stage by introducing
software-based routines in a programming language of their choice.
The book is in two parts, the first focusing on power amplifier
theory and the second on EDA concepts. Readers will gain enough
knowledge of RF and microwave transmission theory, principles of
active and passive device design and manufacturing, and power
amplifier design concepts to allow them to quickly create their own
programs, which will help to accelerate the transceiver design
process. All circuit designers facing the challenge of designing an
RF or microwave power amplifier for frequencies from 2 to 18 GHz
will find this book to be a valuable asset.
This peer-reviewed book explores the technologies driving broadband
internet connectivity in the fourth industrial revolution (Industry
4.0). It particularly focuses on potential solutions to introduce
these technologies in emerging markets and rural areas, regions
that typically form part of the digital divide and often have
under-developed telecommunications infrastructures, a lack of
skilled workers, and geographical restrictions that limit broadband
connectivity. Research shows that ubiquitous internet access boosts
socio-economic growth through innovations in science and
technology, with the common goal of bringing positive change to the
lives of individuals. Fifth-generation (5G) networks based on
millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency information transfer have the
potential to provide future-proof, affordable and sustainable
broadband connectivity in areas where previous-generation mobile
networks were unable to do so. This book discusses the principles
of various technologies that enable electronic circuits to operate
at mm-wave frequencies. It examines the importance of identifying,
describing, and analyzing technology from a purely technological
standpoint, but also acknowledges and investigates the challenges
and limitations of introducing such technologies in emerging
markets. Presenting recent research, the book spearheads
participation in Industry 4.0 in these areas.
This book presents an investigative approach to
globalization-driving technologies that efficiently deliver
ubiquitous, last-mile, broadband internet access to emerging
markets and rural areas. Research has shown that ubiquitous
internet access boosts socio-economic growth through innovations in
science and technology, and has a positive effect on the lives of
individuals. Last-mile internet access in developing countries is
not only intended to provide areas with stable, efficient, and
cost-effective broadband capabilities, but also to encourage the
use of connectivity for human capacity development. The book offers
an overview of the principles of various technologies, such as
light fidelity and millimeter-wave backhaul, as last-mile internet
solutions and describes these potential solutions from a signal
propagation perspective. It also provides readers with the notional
context needed to understand their operation, benefits, and
limitations, and enables them to investigate feasible and tailored
solutions to ensure sustainable infrastructures that are expandable
and maintainable.
This book provides a system-level approach to making packaging
decisions for millimeter-wave transceivers. In electronics, the
packaging forms a bridge between the integrated circuit or
individual device and the rest of the electronic system,
encompassing all technologies between the two. To be able to make
well-founded packaging decisions, researchers need to understand a
broad range of aspects, including: concepts of transmission bands,
antennas and propagation, integrated and discrete package
substrates, materials and technologies, interconnects, passive and
active components, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of
various packages and packaging approaches, and package-level
modeling and simulation. Packaging also needs to be considered in
terms of system-level testing, as well as associated testing and
production costs, and reducing costs. This peer-reviewed work
contributes to the extant scholarly literature by addressing the
aforementioned concepts and applying them to the context of the
millimeter-wave regime and the unique opportunities that this
transmission approach offers.
This book provides a methodological understanding of the
theoretical and technical limitations to the longevity of Moore's
law. The book presents research on factors that have significant
impact on the future of Moore's law and those factors believed to
sustain the trend of the last five decades. Research findings show
that boundaries of Moore's law primarily include physical
restrictions of scaling electronic components to levels beyond that
of ordinary manufacturing principles and approaching the bounds of
physics. The research presented in this book provides essential
background and knowledge to grasp the following principles:
Traditional and modern photolithography, the primary limiting
factor of Moore's law Innovations in semiconductor manufacturing
that makes current generation CMOS processing possible
Multi-disciplinary technologies that could drive Moore's law
forward significantly Design principles for microelectronic
circuits and components that take advantage of technology
miniaturization The semiconductor industry economic market trends
and technical driving factors The complexity and cost associated
with technology scaling have compelled researchers in the
disciplines of engineering and physics to optimize previous
generation nodes to improve system-on-chip performance. This is
especially relevant to participate in the increased attractiveness
of the Internet of Things (IoT). This book additionally provides
scholarly and practical examples of principles in microelectronic
circuit design and layout to mitigate technology limits of previous
generation nodes. Readers are encouraged to intellectually apply
the knowledge derived from this book to further research and
innovation in prolonging Moore's law and associated principles.
This book comprehensively reviews the state of the art in
millimeter-wave antennas, traces important recent developments and
provides information on a wide range of antenna configurations and
applications. While fundamental theoretical aspects are discussed
whenever necessary, the book primarily focuses on design principles
and concepts, manufacture, measurement techniques, and practical
results. Each of the various antenna types scalable to
millimeter-wave dimensions is considered individually, with
coverage of leaky-wave and surface-wave antennas, printed antennas,
integrated antennas, and reflector and lens systems. The final two
chapters address the subject from a systems perspective, providing
an overview of supporting circuitry and examining in detail diverse
millimeter-wave applications, including high-speed wireless
communications, radio astronomy, and radar. The vast amount of
information now available on millimeter-wave systems can be
daunting for researchers and designers entering the field. This
book offers readers essential guidance, helping them to gain a
thorough understanding based on the most recent research findings
and serving as a sound basis for informed decision-making.
Evolution begins with the inheritance of gene variations.This book
presents an essential understanding of the basics of genetics and
its link with various disorders and dental diseases.Genetic risk
factors, lifestyle and environmental factors play a vital role in
diseases such as Periodontitis and Peri-implantitis.Identification
of genetic factors that control the immune response to various
microbial infections in both human and animal models have been
increased and more emphasis on genetically determined host
responses is focused.The authors have tried to cover wide areas of
correlation between recently identified genetic polymorphisms and
immune response phenotypes found in certain groups of periodontitis
patients.The book also includes the new developments in genetics
that are currently accumulating at an unprecedented rate helping us
in finding newer diagnostic and treatment modalities.This text
shall hence broaden the thinking horizon of dental practitioners
and specially the post graduates for early detection of
predisposition to disease or finding and correcting the genetic
etiology behind various diseases
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