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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging network superstructure that will connect physical resources and actual users. It will support an ecosystem of smart applications and services bringing hyper-connectivity to our society by using augmented and rich interfaces. Whereas in the beginning IoT referred to the advent of barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which helped to automate inventory, tracking and basic identification, today IoT is characterized by a dynamic trend toward connecting smart sensors, objects, devices, data and applications. The next step will be cognitive IoT, facilitating object and data re-use across application domains and leveraging hyper-connectivity, interoperability solutions and semantically enriched information distribution. The Architectural Reference Model (ARM), presented in this book by the members of the IoT-A project team driving this harmonization effort, makes it possible to connect vertically closed systems, architectures and application areas so as to create open interoperable systems and integrated environments and platforms. It constitutes a foundation from which software companies can capitalize on the benefits of developing consumer-oriented platforms including hardware, software and services. The material is structured in two parts. Part A introduces the general concepts developed for and applied in the ARM. It is aimed at end users who want to use IoT technologies, managers interested in understanding the opportunities generated by these novel technologies, and system architects who are interested in an overview of the underlying basic models. It also includes several case studies to illustrate how the ARM has been used in real-life scenarios. Part B then addresses the topic at a more detailed technical level and is targeted at readers with a more scientific or technical background. It provides in-depth guidance on the ARM, including a detailed description of a process for generating concrete architectures, as well as reference manuals with guidelines on how to use the various models and perspectives presented to create a concrete architecture. Furthermore, best practices and tips on how system engineers can use the ARM to develop specific IoT architectures for dedicated IoT solutions are illustrated and exemplified in reverse mapping exercises of existing standards and platforms."
In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird eine Methode zur Adaption, Integration und Anwendung von bestärkenden Lernverfahren (Reinforcement Learning) für die Produktionsablaufplanung beschrieben. Die Methode wird anhand von typischen Problemstellungen der Produktionsablaufplanung hergeleitet und evaluiert. Die Produktionsablaufplanung ist eine Kernaufgabe der Produktion und Logistik, bei welcher Aufträge auf Ressourcen so verteilt und in Reihenfolge gebracht werden müssen, dass geforderte Nebenbedingungen der Planung erfüllt werden. Entsprechende Optimierungsprobleme sind meist NP-schwer, wodurch eine optimale Lösung gewöhnlich nicht unter wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen erzielbar ist. In der Industrie werden stattdessen Prioritätsregeln, Heuristiken oder Metaheuristiken verwendet, die entweder zeiteffizient zu Lasten der Lösungsgüte rechnen oder qualitativ hochwertige Lösungen unter hohem Rechenaufwand erzeugen. Das bestärkende Lernen ist eine Unterart des maschinellen Lernens und eine weitere Klasse potenzieller Lösungsstrategien. Probleme der Produktionsablaufplanung sind insoweit vergleichbar, als dass sie sich ebenfalls als stufenartige Entscheidungsketten modellieren lassen. Trotz ihrer Vorteile existiert bisher kaum allgemeines Wissen hinsichtlich der Anwendung des bestärkenden Lernens für die Produktionsablaufplanung.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging network superstructure that will connect physical resources and actual users. It will support an ecosystem of smart applications and services bringing hyper-connectivity to our society by using augmented and rich interfaces. Whereas in the beginning IoT referred to the advent of barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which helped to automate inventory, tracking and basic identification, today IoT is characterized by a dynamic trend toward connecting smart sensors, objects, devices, data and applications. The next step will be "cognitive IoT," facilitating object and data re-use across application domains and leveraging hyper-connectivity, interoperability solutions and semantically enriched information distribution. The Architectural Reference Model (ARM), presented in this book by the members of the IoT-A project team driving this harmonization effort, makes it possible to connect vertically closed systems, architectures and application areas so as to create open interoperable systems and integrated environments and platforms. It constitutes a foundation from which software companies can capitalize on the benefits of developing consumer-oriented platforms including hardware, software and services. The material is structured in two parts. Part A introduces the general concepts developed for and applied in the ARM. It is aimed at end users who want to use IoT technologies, managers interested in understanding the opportunities generated by these novel technologies, and system architects who are interested in an overview of the underlying basic models. It also includes several case studies to illustrate how the ARM has been used in real-life scenarios. Part B then addresses the topic at a more detailed technical level and is targeted at readers with a more scientific or technical background. It provides in-depth guidance on the ARM, including a detailed description of a process for generating concrete architectures, as well as reference manuals with guidelines on how to use the various models and perspectives presented to create a concrete architecture. Furthermore, best practices and tips on how system engineers can use the ARM to develop specific IoT architectures for dedicated IoT solutions are illustrated and exemplified in reverse mapping exercises of existing standards and platforms.
This fully revised and expanded third edition covers all aspects of modern thoracic radiology, and includes important new sections on computer tomographic signs, interventional radiology of the thorax and the latest developments in cardiac CT and MRI diagnostics, as well as a new chapter on high resolution/thin section CT patterns. The section on diffuse lung disease has been expanded and many new CT illustrations have been added. The book contains comprehensive information on the role of new technologies, including MDCT, in the evaluation of thoracic disease, the role of PET/PET-CT in the thorax, and the expanding roles of MDCT and MRI in evaluation of the heart.
Der Briefwechsel des Ludwig Klein und seiner Frau Friederike aus den Jahren 1940 - 1945 ist gleichsam ein doppeltes Kriegstagebuch. Er, Lehrer aus einem kleinen s chsischen St dtchen, beschreibt seinen Soldatenalltag als Hauptwachtmeister in einem Dorf im besetzten Frankreich und kommentiert den Kriegsverlauf an allen Fronten. Erstaunlich ist, wie offen er ber die milit rische Lage und seine Einsch tzungen berichtet. Sie, Hausfrau und Mutter von zwei Kindern, schildert die N te einer Frau, die pl tzlich in die Rolle einer Alleinerziehenden hineingeworfen wird. Hofft sie zuerst auf Luxusmitbringsel aus Frankreich, so bekommt sie mit der Zeit immer st rker den Krieg zu sp ren: die ersten Versorgungsengp sse, Not und K lte. Zitternd erlebt sie die ersten Luftangriffe im Keller - und macht sich schlie lich Gedanken ber das sp tere Zusammenleben nach so langer Zeit selbstst ndigen Handelns. Manche Fehleinsch tzung des Soldaten Klein ruft heute Kopfsch tteln hervor, die eine oder andere Aussage und Formulierung mag uns aufsto en. Doch wer sich mit Vergangenheit besch ftigt, darf das nicht ausblenden. Diese zum Teil sehr pers nlichen Briefe sind ein beeindruckendes zeitgeschichtliches Dokument ber die Sorgen und N te, das Hoffen und Verzweifeln zweier Menschen, stellvertretend f r viele Millionen. "Feder des Todes" basiert auf wahren Begebenheiten. Alle vorkommenden Namen wurden aus R cksicht der Hinterbliebenen ge ndert. Jedoch die Orte und Handlungen entsprechen dem Briefwechsel des Soldaten Klein.
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