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This volume contains papers presented in a workshop of
international experts in September 2008 in Berlin. The experts
discussed how environmental consequences of EU legislation can be
incorporated in a more effective way. In other words, this
contribution focuses on the question of which measures can
strengthen the cons- eration of environmental effects in the EU
impact assessment procedure and in the subsequent legislative
decision-making process. This allows drawing conclusions for the
impact assessment process in Germany. This volume begins with an
introductory paper (Bizer/Lechner/Fuhr) which served as the basis
for discussion in our workshop. The questions raised in this paper
are addressed by the authors of the subsequent chapters. Stephen
White (DG Environment, EU-Commission) discusses the impact
assessment from an int- nal perspective within the Commission.
Pendo Maro (European Environmental Bureau) reviews the impact
assessment practice from the perspective of an en- ronmental NGO.
Martin Schmidt et al. discuss the potential for more formalism to
strengthen environmental issues within impact assessments and
favour a checklist.
This volume contains papers presented in a workshop of
international experts in September 2008 in Berlin. The experts
discussed how environmental consequences of EU legislation can be
incorporated in a more effective way. In other words, this
contribution focuses on the question of which measures can
strengthen the cons- eration of environmental effects in the EU
impact assessment procedure and in the subsequent legislative
decision-making process. This allows drawing conclusions for the
impact assessment process in Germany. This volume begins with an
introductory paper (Bizer/Lechner/Fuhr) which served as the basis
for discussion in our workshop. The questions raised in this paper
are addressed by the authors of the subsequent chapters. Stephen
White (DG Environment, EU-Commission) discusses the impact
assessment from an int- nal perspective within the Commission.
Pendo Maro (European Environmental Bureau) reviews the impact
assessment practice from the perspective of an en- ronmental NGO.
Martin Schmidt et al. discuss the potential for more formalism to
strengthen environmental issues within impact assessments and
favour a checklist."
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Economics -
Monetary theory and policy, grade: 1,3, University of Bayreuth,
language: English, abstract: The European Monetary Union is stuck
in a severe balance-of-payments imbalance. The European sovereign
debt crisis, which followed the financial crisis, is present in the
media, in politics and important economists try to evaluate the
situation, in order to find possible solutions. This paper deals
with the TARGET balances. TARGET2 is a payment system in the
European Monetary Union, and, as will be shown, the TARGET balances
are a measure for the balance- of-payment deficits and surpluses in
the countries of the Eurozone. The issue is interesting as there
are huge differences in the current account balances of member
states. To understand the emergence of the TARGET balances, it is
important to first look at the way a central bank creates money.
This paper aims to show how TARGET balances arise when trade flows
are not financed through inverse capital flows. Further on, it
examines the current account deficits of Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Portugal and Spain and shows how they led to tremendous TARGET2
debts of those countries. On the other hand it examines, how
particularly Germany, to a smaller extend also Finland, Luxembourg
and the Netherlands accumulated high TARGET2 claims towards the
Eurosystem. Further on, it examines the development of the monetary
bases in the Eurozone and how this affected Bundesbank money
creation. Finally, it deals with some concerns regarding the TARGET
balances . As it is a complex matter, opinions about their risk
diverge. Some analysts think that they are highly problematic,
others don't see any risk at all. Some main ideas dealing with the
risk involved will be presented in brief.
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