Pakistan’s 2018 general elections marked the second successful transfer of power from one elected civilian government to another—a remarkable achievement considering the country’s history of dictatorial rule. Pakistan’s Political Parties examines how the civilian side of the state’s current regime has survived the transition to democracy, providing critical insight into the evolution of political parties in Pakistan and their role in developing democracies in general. Pakistan’s numerous political parties span the ideological spectrum, as well as represent diverse regional, ethnic, and religious constituencies. The essays in this volume explore the way in which these parties both contend and work with Pakistan’s military-bureaucratic establishment to assert and expand their power. Researchers use interviews, surveys, data, and ethnography to illuminate the internal dynamics and motivations of these groups and the mechanisms through which they create policy and influence state and society. Pakistan’s Political Parties is a one-of-a-kind resource for diplomats, policymakers, journalists, and scholars searching for a comprehensive overview of Pakistan’s party system and its unlikely survival against an interventionist military, with insights that extend far beyond the region.

Pakistan's 2018 general elections marked the second successful transfer of power from one elected civilian government to another-a remarkable achievement considering the country's history of dictatorial rule. Pakistan's Political Parties examines how the civilian side of the state's current regime has survived the transition to democracy, providing critical insight into the evolution of political parties in Pakistan and their role in developing democracies in general. Pakistan's numerous political parties span the ideological spectrum, as well as represent diverse regional, ethnic, and religious constituencies. The essays in this volume explore the way in which these parties both contend and work with Pakistan's military-bureaucratic establishment to assert and expand their power. Researchers use interviews, surveys, data, and ethnography to illuminate the internal dynamics and motivations of these groups and the mechanisms through which they create policy and influence state and society. Pakistan's Political Parties is a one-of-a-kind resource for diplomats, policymakers, journalists, and scholars searching for a comprehensive overview of Pakistan's party system and its unlikely survival against an interventionist military, with insights that extend far beyond the region.

The present situation of mango orchards needs special attention, where about all mango orchards are suffering due to disease problem, causing sudden death or quick decline of mango trees. For the first time, this study was carried out to manage mango orchards from the incidence of sudden death disease with the application of nutrients fertilizers because healthy tree is regarded more resistant or tolerant against the infection of diseases. Regarding disease severity of sudden death, it was minimized on an average approx. 19 % by application of all nutrient combinations as compared with severity on all the trees before application. The maximum reduction in disease severity was found approx 31 % on plants applied with zinc sulphate, copper sulphate along with nitrogen-phosphorous and humic acid as mandatory ingredients. Even though, slight disease reduction ( about 8 %) was also observed on mango trees where only Urea, TSP fertilizers were applied.Therefore, balanced nutrients application has provided a significant solution for farmer community against suppression of sudden death disease.

Mango sudden death disease is a real threat for mango growing farmers but educated farmers are capable of managing this problem. In this context, a baseline survey was conducted to see the recent situation of mango sudden death disease in different mango growing areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. For this purpose, 10 trees from each orchard of every locality were randomly selected and observed for disease severity. The disease severity was calculated according to the age of the tree on five tree portions i.e. roots, collar region, stem, limbs and leaves with a developed scale. Orchards of each locality were divided in to three categories: managed, moderately managed and mismanaged orchards. The results showed that disease severity was reduced in descending order in mismanaged

Mango is an important fruit crop, grown in almost 63 countries of the world. Mango production has been severely affected by insect pests, diseases and harsh environmental conditions. Among diseases, Mango Sudden Death Syndrome (MSDS) is a very destructive disease which destroyed millions of acres all over the world. This disease could be disseminated by wind, water and/or bark beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae. This book focuses on the isolation of MSDS causing fungi from infected plants and different life stages and body parts of H. mangiferae. The possible role of air and irrigation water in the dissemination of MSDS fungi is discussed in the light of results.