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Mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders have a
substantial impact on global health and well-being. Disorders such
as depression, alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia constitute about 13
percent of the total burden of disease. Worldwide, MNS disorders
are the leading cause of disability, and the 10th leading cause of
death. Despite this high burden, there is a significant shortage of
resources available to prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders.
Approximately four out of five people with serious MNS disorders
living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed
health services. This treatment gap is particularly high in
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Challenges to MNS care in SSA countries
include a lack of trained mental health professionals, few mental
health facilities, and low prioritization for MNS disorders in
budget allocations. African countries, on average, have one
psychiatrist for every 2 million people, whereas European countries
have one psychiatrist per 12,000 people. Expanding on previous
efforts to address the development and improvement of sustainable
mental health systems in SSA, the Institute of Medicine convened
this 2015 workshop series, bringing together key stakeholders to
examine country-specific opportunities to improve the health care
infrastructure in order to better prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS
disorders. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health
Care in Ghana and Kenya summarizes the presentations and
discussions from these workshops. Table of Contents Front Matter 1
Introduction and Overview 2 Kenya 3 Ghana 4 Case Studies 5
Perspectives on Potential Next Steps Appendix A: References
Appendix B: Workshop Agendas Appendix C: Registered Attendees
Appendix D: Participant Biographies Appendix E: Providing
Sustainable Mental Health Care in Kenya: A Demonstration Project
Appendix F: Providing Sustainable Mental Health Care in Ghana: A
Demonstration Project
Health information technology is providing patients, clinicians,
and researchers with access to data that will enable novel
approaches to science and medicine. Digital health records (DHRs)
are capable of being shared across different health care settings
for the examination of possible trends and long-term changes in a
patient's disease progression or status as well as the
effectiveness of the health care delivery system. While prevalence
of paper records remains high, there has been a rapid trend toward
the digitalization of medical and health records in many countries.
DHRs are widely viewed as essential for improving health, reducing
medical errors, and lowering costs. However, given that these
databases have the potential to house the complete medical and
health information of individuals, the potential misuse,
de-identification or breaching of this data may have serious
implications. On July 20, 2015, the Institute of Medicine's Forum
on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a public session
at the 2015 Alzheimer's Association International Conference to
assess the impact of DHRs on Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. An
estimated 46.8 million people worldwide are currently living with
dementia, and the prevalence is expected to double every year for
the next 20 years. Given the few therapies currently available to
treat the symptoms of AD, compared to other central nervous system
disorders, participants explored how DHRs may be used to help
improve clinical trial design and methodology for AD research. This
report summarizes the presentations and discussions from this
workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and
Overview 2 Building Infrastructure to Enable Data Sharing and
Management 3 Ethical, Legal, and Societal Considerations 4
Potential Next Steps Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop
Agenda Appendix C: Participant Biographies
Based on advances in biotechnology and neuroscience, non-invasive
neuromodulation devices are poised to gain clinical importance in
the coming years and to be of increasing interest to patients,
clinicians,health systems, payers, and industry. Evidence suggests
that both therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications of
non-invasive neuromodulation will continue to expand in coming
years, particularly for indications where treatments are currently
insufficient, such as drug-resistant depression. Given the growing
interest in non-invasive neuromodulation technologies, the
Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System
Disorders convened a workshop, inviting a range of stakeholders -
including developers of devices and new technologies, researchers,
clinicians, ethicists, regulators, and payers - to explore the
opportunities, challenges, and ethical questions surrounding the
development, regulation, and reimbursement of these devices for the
treatment of nervous system disorders as well as for
non-therapeutic uses, including cognitive and functional
enhancement. This report highlights the presentation and discussion
of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2
Overview of Gaps, Challenges, and Potential Opportunities 3 The
Science and Technology of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation 4
Therapeutic Uses of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation 5 Using
Non-Invasive Neuromodulation for Diagnosis and Research 6
Enhancement of Brain Function and Performance 7 Ethical, Legal, and
Social Issues 8 Regulatory Issues 9 Reimbursement Issues 10 The
Business Environment Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop
Agenda Appendix C: Registered Attendees
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