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According to Census 2011, population of India increased from 103
crore in 2001 to 121 crore in 2011, an increase of 18 crore or 17.6
percent. Out of 121 crore, 62.4 crore (51.6 percent) were males and
58.6 crore (48.4) females. Unfortunately, Census 2011 data shows
that the sex ratio for children below 6 years (i.e. number of girls
for every 1,000 boys) dropped from 927 in 2001 to a dismal 914 in
2011. This decline is unabated since 1961 Census. This gender bias
draws attention to a lingering societal flaw which economic growth
is not being able to correct. Gender equality is a constituent of
development as well as an instrument of development. No country can
be deemed developed if half of its population is severely
disadvantaged in terms of basic needs, livelihood options, access
to knowledge, and political voice. Discrimination on the lines of
gender is not always overt. It appears in very subtle forms such as
in the nature of work performed, skills required to perform the
work and the valuation of these skills and the technology used by
men and women. One problem more specific to women is that they are
subject to various forms of harassment at the workplace. Verbal and
physical violence against women has been an age-old method of
subjugating them. Advancement and empowerment of women has been a
leading objective of state policy ever since the attainment of
Independence in 1947. Institutions of different types -- Central,
State and Local Governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs),
civil society and other bodies -- are active to ensure gender
equality as laid down in the Constitution of India. Eleventh Five
Year Plan (2007-12) of India recognised women, for the first time,
not just as equal citizens but as agents of economic and social
growth. Women's lack of economic empowerment not only impedes
growth and poverty reduction, but also has a host of other negative
impacts including less favourable education and health outcomes for
children. Thus, it is extremely important to ensure that women are
economically, socially and politically empowered. This book
provides a vivid account of the problems faced by Indian women,
particularly those belonging to vulnerable and disadvantaged
groups. It explains comprehensively the various policies,
programmes and schemes initiated by the Government of India in
co-operation with other agencies for the welfare, development and
empowerment of women in India. The book will be of interest to
those involved/interested in the socio-economic empowerment of
women, including researchers, academicians, industry associations,
and policy formulators.
Food security is one of the major components of social security. It
consists of ensuring that food is available at all times, that all
persons have means of and access to it, that it is nutritionally
adequate in terms of quantity, quality and variety, and that it is
acceptable within the given culture. There are three elements in
this definition, availability, access and suitability. In recent
years, nutrition has been considered as part of food security. The
National Development Council (NDC) in its 53rd meeting held on May
29, 2007 adopted a resolution to launch a Food Security Mission --
comprising rice, wheat and pulses -- to increase the production of
rice by 10 million tons, wheat by 8 million tons and pulses by 2
million tons by the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12).
Accordingly, a Centrally-sponsored scheme, viz. National Food
Security Mission (NFSM) was launched from 2007-08 to operationalise
the above mentioned resolution. National Food Security Bill was
introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22 December 2011. As per the
provisions of the Bill, it is proposed to provide 7 kilograms of
foodgrains per person per month belonging to priority households at
prices not exceeding 3 per kilogram of rice, 2 per kilogram of
wheat, and 1 per kilogram of coarse grains and to general
households not less than 3 kilogram of foodgrains per person per
month at prices not exceeding 50 percent of the minimum support
price (MSP) for wheat and coarse grains and derived MSP for rice.
The present volume consists of 15 research papers on the subject of
food security, contributed by scholars in the field. The issues
raised in different papers add constructively to the current debate
on this sensitive subject of national importance.
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