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Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not
used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad
quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are
images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to
keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the
original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain
imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made
available for future generations to enjoy.
For several decades, the orthodox economics approach to
understanding choice under risk has been to assume that each
individual person maximizes some sort of personal utility function
defined over purchasing power. This new volume contests that even
the best wisdom from the orthodox theory has not yet been able to
do better than supposedly naive models that use rules of thumb, or
that focus on the consumption possibilities and economic
constraints facing the individual. The authors assert this by first
revisiting the origins of orthodox theory. They then recount
decades of failed attempts to obtain meaningful empirical
validation or calibration of the theory. Estimated shapes and
parameters of the "curves" have varied erratically from domain to
domain (e.g., individual choice versus aggregate behavior), from
context to context, from one elicitation mechanism to another, and
even from the same individual at different time periods, sometimes
just minutes apart. This book proposes the return to a simpler sort
of scientific theory of risky choice, one that focuses not upon
unobservable curves but rather upon the potentially observable
opportunities and constraints facing decision makers. It argues
that such an opportunities-based model offers superior
possibilities for scientific advancement. At the very least, linear
utility - in the presence of constraints - is a useful bar for the
"curved" alternatives to clear.
For several decades, the orthodox economics approach to
understanding choice under risk has been to assume that each
individual person maximizes some sort of personal utility function
defined over purchasing power. This new volume contests that even
the best wisdom from the orthodox theory has not yet been able to
do better than supposedly naive models that use rules of thumb, or
that focus on the consumption possibilities and economic
constraints facing the individual. The authors assert this by first
revisiting the origins of orthodox theory. They then recount
decades of failed attempts to obtain meaningful empirical
validation or calibration of the theory. Estimated shapes and
parameters of the "curves" have varied erratically from domain to
domain (e.g., individual choice versus aggregate behavior), from
context to context, from one elicitation mechanism to another, and
even from the same individual at different time periods, sometimes
just minutes apart. This book proposes the return to a simpler sort
of scientific theory of risky choice, one that focuses not upon
unobservable curves but rather upon the potentially observable
opportunities and constraints facing decision makers. It argues
that such an opportunities-based model offers superior
possibilities for scientific advancement. At the very least, linear
utility - in the presence of constraints - is a useful bar for the
"curved" alternatives to clear.
Japan has been, and will likely remain, the second largest
economy in the world. In the four decades following the Second
World War, it dazzled the world, its enviable social indicators,
unprecedented fast and sustained with economic growth, process
innovations, high productivity and high quality of manufactured
product. In the nineties, the growth slowed down to a crawl, and a
recession and deflation now threaten it. Could we foretell these
historic ups and downs on the basis of financial reports of Japan's
great corporations? The 14 chapters of the book take a sweeping
view of accounting, covering methods, data, theories, and
comparisons. Institutionalism has been a major force in accounting
thinking in the United States as well as Japan. The influence of
Marxian theory on Japanese accounting and social science thinking
remains vastly underappreciated in the United States. A direct
comparison of Japanese and U.S. factor markets, and Korean and
German accounting practices also reveals important differences.
It is crucial for anyone interested in international
investments, trade, and economics to understand Japanese financial
reporting practices and how they differ from the United States
practices . While a few comparative works on Japan and U.S.
financial reporting are available, they rarely give the reader an
in-depth understanding of the similarities and differences between
the United States and Japan. In this volume, a Japanese and U.S.
editor have collaborated to bring an understanding of Japanese
accounting practices, perspectives, and their implications to the
English speaking audience.
Experimental economics is a rapidly growing field of inquiry, and there currently exist several textbooks and surveys describing the results of laboratory experiments in economics. This primer, however, is the first hands-on guide to the physical aspects of actually conducting experiments in economics. It tells researchers, teachers and students in economics how to deal with human subjects, how to design meaningful laboratory environments, how to design experiments, how to conduct the experiments, and how to analyze and report the data. It also deals with methodological issues. It can be used to structure an undergraduate or graduate course in experimental economics.
A number of advantages are considered of mergers and acquisitions
but all ventures so acquired are not successful. The studies round
the globe suggest that only 50 per cent are not able to achieve
their objectives because certain factors are not properly looked
into. This book on "Mergers and Acquisitions Prospects and Problems
in India" suggest that the world over the number and value of cross
border mergers and acquisitions is growing up year after year
because it is considered a speedy way to become big India was
passive on this front till 2004 but from 2005 onwards some Indian
corporates specially Birlas and Tatas have become very aggressive
to acquire firms round the globe, other big players are L.N. Mittal
and Sunil Mittal. Corporates have acquired both horizontal and
vertical companies considering that these acquisitions will not
only add to their assets but also to profits and make them global
players. This book throws light on various aspects of Mergers and
Acquisitions specially in the Indian context. This also analyses
and gives proper account of Indian laws and procedures regarding
Mergers ad Acquisitions.
Incorporation of biologically-active ligands into a metal
(organo-metallic complexes) offers much scope for the design of
novel therapeutic agents with enhanced targeted activity and new
mode of action. Several ruthenium complexes have been reported to
be promising biological activities. Here, some novel organometallic
ruthenium (Ru) complexes, bearing thiosemicarbazone moieties were
synthesized and screened for various pharmacological activities. It
has been identified that the new Ru(II)-arene complexes
demonstrating the validity of such an approach to the design of
novel drugs in near future.
OBJECTIVE: Theoretical aspects and the applications of different
types of atomic and molecular spectroscopic methods. The molecular
spectra contain important information about the structure of the
molecule. In this Book you will learn that how the information
available from different types of molecular spectra can be used for
the structure elucidation of the Organic molecules. In this context
we will use the information available from UV-VIS, IR, 1H-NMR and
MASS spectrometry. thus, aims to integrate the information
available from different types of spectral methods and apply this
knowledge to arrive at the structure of a molecule.
OBJECTIVE: Analysis of beta blockers in formulated and unformulated
samples demand a highly specific and rapid method as many beta
blockers have serious stability problems. In the present Study,
Analytical methods for the various Beta Blockers viz. Atenolol,
Acebutolol, Bisoprolol, Betaxolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol, Timolol,
Sotalol etc. have been presented. A brief discussion on spectrum of
activity and action mechanism of beta blocker has also been given.
It include detail description of analysis of Beta blockers alone
and in combined dosage form. A brief out line on current trend in
method development and validation has also discussed in brief
Modern cities void socio-cultural, ecological and communal
characters of humankind for dwelling in the run of political and
economic competency. Heritage concerns and conservation attitudes
have also been faded in these converted modern cities. Historic
cities in some extent have retained the legacy of sustained urban
life and environment while development forces still suppress values
of historic urban characters and evidently the identity of place.
This undermines the compatibility towards spatial patterns of
historic settlement and loosens viscosity of historic city within
its boundary unless appropriate reconciliation of conservation and
development trends are available. This manuscript focuses on
amorphous relationships and integration potentials between urban
typologies and development context of new development and cultural
heritage areas for planners and conservationists. Along with
integrity aspects of historic urban landscape as a tool for
integrated urban conservation, this book illustrates the strategies
for urban spatial continuity, broadened heritage concepts and
conservation oriented development with participatory mechanism in
historic cities.
Taxation is a powerful tool for mobilizing the internal resources
of any country whether it is developing or developed one.In
developing countries where financial resource gap is increasing
seriously leading the economy to the state of external dependency,
taxation only becomes sustainable and non-inflationary internal
remedy to overcome this problem of financial resources gap and
deficit financing.Because of poor internal resource mobilization
capability, Nepal has been facing a serious resources gap for many
years and this trend seems to be continued in future if suitable
measures are not taken in time properly.For the remedy of external
dependency and growing resource gap problem, internal revenue base
should be strengthened through the mobilization additional
financial resources internally specially through income
taxation.This book tries to analyze the concept of income tax, its
contribution on Nepalese GDP, total or total tax revenue with
international comparison.Similarly, it analyses the productivity
i.e.elasticity and buoyancy of income tax in Nepal. This book may
be useful to students, teachers, policy makers and others who are
interested in this top
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