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This book grew out of an idea to study properties of small
subsystems of a large reservoir. Observations were at the time not
explainable with standard thermodynamics. But the theory of Hill on
thermodynamics of small systems provided the systematic procedure
needed to address the problem. Following Hill, thermodynamics can
be formulated for the nanoscale!The purpose of this book is to
expand and demonstrate Hill's theory. The theory adds a new term to
the fundamental Gibbs equation, that is specific for systems at the
nanoscale. The properties that follow may be counter intuitive. The
equation of state for a small system, for instance, is not given
once and for all. We shall see that it changes with the
environmental variables that control the small system. The
statistical mechanical machinery remains as before, however.The
world of small systems challenges the standard knowledge; that the
number of particles in a system must be very large for
thermodynamic equations to apply. We shall see that thermodynamic
equations apply perfectly well also for small particle numbers,
provided that small-system effects are accounted for correctly. In
the world where size and shape are central, we shall find that
equations of state can be used down to one particle in a box! There
are scaling laws, which help us determine and understand the large
system limit better!In the first part, the authors highlight the
basic idea of the theory and provide a more systematic method, than
used before. In the second part, the authors demonstrate the power
of the theory in a set of central applications of nanoscience in
and away from equilibrium, for other scientists to be inspired for
further use.
The book describes in a simple and practical way what
non-equilibrium thermodynamics is and how it can add to engineering
fields. It explains how to describe proper equations of transport,
more precise than used so far, and how to use them to understand
the waste of energy resources in central unit processes in the
industry. It introduces the entropy balance as an additional
equation to use, to create consistent thermodynamic models, and a
systematic method for minimizing energy losses that are connected
with transport of heat, mass, charge, momentum and chemical
reactions. Readership: Senior undergraduate and graduate students
in physics, chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical
engineering.
This volume contains the collected works of the eminent chemist and
physicist Lars Onsager, one of the most influential scientists of
the 20th Century. The volume includes Onsager's previously
unpublished PhD thesis, a biography by H C Longuet-Higgins and M E
Fisher, an autobiographical commentary, selected photographs, and a
list of Onsager discussion remarks in print. Onsager's scientific
achievements were characterized by deep insights into the natural
sciences. His two best-known accomplishments are his reciprocal
relations for irreversible processes, for which he received the
1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his explicit solution of the
two-dimensional Ising model, a mathematical tour de force that
created a sensation when it appeared. In addition, he made
significant theoretical contributions to other fields, including
electrolytes, colloids, superconductivity, turbulence, ice,
electrons in metals, and dielectrics. In this volume, Onsager's
contributions are divided into the following fields: irreversible
processes; the Ising model; electrolytes; colloids; helium II and
vortex quantization; off-diagonal long-range order and flux
quantization; electrons in metal; turbulence; ion recombination;
fluctuation theory; dielectrics; ice and water; biology; Mathieu
functions. The different fields are evaluated by leading experts.
The commentators are P W Anderson, R Askey, A Chorin, C Domb, R J
Donnelly, W Ebeling, J-C Justice, H N W Lekkerkerker, P Mazur, H P
McKean, J F Nagle, T Odijk, A B Pippard, G Stell, G H Weiss, and C
N Yang.
This book utilizes non-equilibrium thermodynamics to describe
transport in complex, heterogeneous media. There are large coupling
effects between transport of heat, mass, charge and chemical
reactions at surfaces, and it is important to know how one should
properly integrate across systems where different phases are in
contact. There is no other book available today that gives a
prescription of how to set up flux equations for transports across
heterogeneous systems.
Kjelstrup, Bedeaux, Johannessen, and Gross describe what
non-equilibrium thermodynamics is in a simple and practical way and
how it can add to engineering design. They explain how to describe
proper equations of transport that are more precise than those used
so far, and how to use them to understand the waste of energy
resources in central process units in the industry. The authors
introduce the entropy balance as an additional equation to use in
engineering; to create consistent thermodynamic models, and to
systematically minimize energy losses that are connected with the
transport of heat, mass, charge and momentum.Non-equilibrium
Thermodynamics for Engineers teaches the essence of non-equilibrium
thermodynamics and its applications at a level comprehensible to
engineering students, practitioner engineers, and scientists
working on industrial problems. The book may be used as a textbook
in basic engineering curricula or graduate courses.
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