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Should we regulate artificial intelligence? Can we? From
self-driving cars and high-speed trading to algorithmic
decision-making, the way we live, work, and play is increasingly
dependent on AI systems that operate with diminishing human
intervention. These fast, autonomous, and opaque machines offer
great benefits - and pose significant risks. This book examines how
our laws are dealing with AI, as well as what additional rules and
institutions are needed - including the role that AI might play in
regulating itself. Drawing on diverse technologies and examples
from around the world, the book offers lessons on how to manage
risk, draw red lines, and preserve the legitimacy of public
authority. Though the prospect of AI pushing beyond the limits of
the law may seem remote, these measures are useful now - and will
be essential if it ever does.
Do you want to do well in Law from day one? Law is a challenging
and competitive subject to study at university. You need to become
familiar with its peculiar language and complicated practices as
quickly as possible if you want to do well. Drawing on the
experiences of hundreds of students, Studying Law at University
demystifies your law course. With reliable tips and practical
suggestions, it shows you how to: understand key legal concepts;
read cases; take useful notes; become an active learner; manage
your time; write law essays; sit law exams. Updated to take into
account the increasing use of the internet, this second edition of
Studying Law at University tells you everything you need to know to
get good marks and enjoy your studies.
What limits, if any, should be placed on a government's efforts to
spy on its citizens in the name of national security? Spying on
foreigners has long been regarded as an unseemly but necessary
enterprise. Spying on one's own citizens in a democracy, by
contrast, has historically been subject to various forms of legal
and political restraint. For most of the twentieth century these
regimes were kept distinct. That position is no longer tenable.
Modern threats do not respect national borders. Changes in
technology make it impractical to distinguish between 'foreign' and
'local' communications. And our culture is progressively reducing
the sphere of activity that citizens can reasonably expect to be
kept from government eyes. The main casualty of this transformed
environment will be privacy. Recent battles over privacy have been
dominated by fights over warrantless electronic surveillance and
CCTV; the coming years will see debates over DNA databases, data
mining, and biometric identification. There will be protests and
lawsuits, editorials and elections resisting these attacks on
privacy. Those battles are worthy. But the war will be lost. Modern
threats increasingly require that governments collect such
information, governments are increasingly able to collect it, and
citizens increasingly accept that they will collect it. This book
proposes a move away from questions of whether governments should
collect information and onto more problematic and relevant
questions concerning its use. By reframing the relationship between
privacy and security in the language of a social contract, mediated
by a citizenry who are active participants rather than passive
targets, the book offers a framework to defend freedom without
sacrificing liberty.
Do you want to do well in Law from day one? Law is a challenging
and competitive subject to study at university. You need to become
familiar with its peculiar language and complicated practices as
quickly as possible if you want to do well. Drawing on the
experiences of hundreds of students, Studying Law at University
demystifies your law course. With reliable tips and practical
suggestions, it shows you how to: understand key legal concepts;
read cases; take useful notes; become an active learner; manage
your time; write law essays; sit law exams. Updated to take into
account the increasing use of the internet, this second edition of
Studying Law at University tells you everything you need to know to
get good marks and enjoy your studies.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is a unique figure in
world politics. At once civil servant, the world's diplomat, lackey
of the UN Security Council, and commander-in-chief of up to a
hundred thousand peacekeepers, he or she depends on states for both
the legitimacy and resources that enable the United Nations to
function. The tension between these roles - of being secretary or
general - has challenged every incumbent. This book brings together
the insights of senior UN staff, diplomats and scholars to examine
the normative and political factors that shape this unique office
with particular emphasis on how it has evolved in response to
changing circumstances such as globalization and the onset of the
'war on terror'. The difficulties experienced by each
Secretary-General reflect the profound ambivalence of states
towards entrusting their security, interests or resources to an
intergovernmental body.
Private actors are increasingly taking on roles traditionally
arrogated to the state. Both in the industrialized North and the
developing South, functions essential to external and internal
security and to the satisfaction of basic human needs are routinely
contracted out to non-state agents. In the area of privatization of
security functions, attention by academics and policy makers tends
to focus on the activities of private military and security
companies, especially in the context of armed conflicts, and their
impact on human rights and post-conflict stability and
reconstruction. The first edited volume emerging from New York
University School of Law's Institute for International Justice
project on private military and security companies, From
Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military
Companies broadened this debate to situate the private military
phenomenon in the context of moves towards the regulation of
activities through market and non-market mechanisms.
Where that first volume looked at the emerging market for use of
force, this second volume looks at the transformations in the
nature of state authority. Drawing on insights from work on
privatization, regulation, and accountability in the emerging field
of global administrative law, the book examines private military
and security companies through the wider lens of private actors
performing public functions. In the past two decades, the
responsibilities delegated to such actors - especially but not only
in the United States - have grown exponentially. The central
question of this volume is whether there should be any limits on
government capacity to outsource traditionally "public" functions.
Can and should a government put out to private tender the
fulfilment of military, intelligence, and prison services? Can and
should it transfer control of utilities essential to life, such as
the supply of water? This discussion incorporates numerous
perspectives on regulatory and governance issues in the private
provision of public functions, but focuses primarily on private
actors offering services that impact the fundamental rights of the
affected population.
Magna Carta: The most famous legal text in history. The foundation
of the rule of law. Stolen. When Huckleberry Jones is packed off by
his parents from New York to a camp for "exceptional teenagers" at
Oxford University, his first question is: Why? But meeting the
beautiful, enigmatic Kat might just make his time there worthwhile.
Together with new friends Mei and Tshombe, he discovers that
teenagers from four continents can have more in common than their
differences. Then Huck finds himself trapped in a mystery linked to
an 800-year-old parchment-and solving it could cost him his life.
Frequently characterized as either mercenaries in modern guise or
the market's response to a security vacuum, private military
companies are commercial firms offering military services ranging
from combat and military training and advice to logistical support,
and which play an increasingly important role in armed conflicts,
UN peace operations, and providing security in unstable states.
Executive Outcomes turned around an orphaned conflict in Sierra
Leone in the mid-1990s; Military Professional Resources
Incorporated (MPRI) was instrumental in shifting the balance of
power in the Balkans, enabling the Croatian military to defeat Serb
forces and clear the way for the Dayton negotiations; in Iraq,
estimates of the number of private contractors on the ground are in
the tens of thousands. As they assume more responsibilities in
conflict and post-conflict settings, their growing significance
raises fundamental questions about their nature, their role in
different regions and contexts, and their regulation. This volume
examines these issues with a focus on governance, in particular the
interaction between regulation and market forces. It analyzes the
current legal framework and the needs and possibilities for
regulation in the years ahead. The book as a whole is organized
around four sets of questions, which are reflected in the four
parts of the book. First, why and how is regulation of PMCs now a
challenging issue? Secondly, how have problems leading to a call
for regulation manifested in different regions and contexts? Third,
what regulatory norms and institutions currently exist and how
effective are they? And, fourth, what role has the market to play
in regulation?
The governance of post-conflict territories embodies a central
contradiction: how does one help a population prepare for
democratic governance and the rule of law by imposing a form of
benevolent autocracy?
Transitional administrations represent the most complex operations
attempted by the United Nations. The operations in East Timor and
Kosovo are commonly seen as unique in the history of the
UN--perhaps never to be repeated. But they may also be seen as the
latest in a series of operations that have involved the United
Nations in 'state-building' activities, where it has attempted to
develop the institutions of government by assuming some or all of
those sovereign powers on a temporary basis. The circumstances that
have demanded such interventions certainly will be repeated.
Seen in the context of earlier UN operations, such as those in
Namibia, Cambodia, and Eastern Slavonia, the view that these
exceptional circumstances may not recur is somewhat disingenuous.
Moreover, the need for such policy research has been brought into
sharp focus by the weighty but ambiguous role assigned to the UN in
Afghanistan and the possibility of a comparable role in Iraq.
This book fills that gap. Aimed at policy-makers, diplomats, and a
wide academic audience (including international relations,
political science, international law, and war studies), the book
provides a concise history of UN state-building operations and a
treatment of the five key issues confronting such an operation on
the ground: peace and security, the role of the UN as government,
judicial reconstruction, economic reconstruction, and exit
strategies.
This book, winner of an ASIL Certificate of Merit 2002, critically examines the right of humanitarian intervention, asserted most spectacularly by NATO during its 1999 air strikes over Kosovo. The UN Charter prohibits the unilateral use of force, but there have long been arguments that such a right might exist as an exception to this rule, or linked to the changing role of the Security Council. Through an analysis of these questions, the book puts NATO's action in Kosovo in its proper legal and historical perspective.
Enter the world of secret codes, cunning puzzles, and mind-bending
conundrums. Inspired by the Raising Arcadia series, this book
offers a step-by-step guide to each of these three types of
problems and a quiz to test your progress. Use it to hone your own
detective skills, or to baffle your friends, parents and teachers.
This book contains new codes, puzzles and conundrums not seen in
the original Raising Arcadia books!
What limits, if any, should be placed on a government's efforts to
spy on its citizens in the interests of national security? Spying
on foreigners has long been regarded as an unseemly but necessary
enterprise. Spying on one's own citizens in a democracy, by
contrast, has historically been subject to various forms of legal
and political restraint. For most of the twentieth century these
regimes were kept distinct. That position is no longer tenable.
Modern threats do not respect national borders. Changes in
technology make it impractical to distinguish between 'foreign' and
'local' communications. And our culture is progressively reducing
the sphere of activity that citizens can reasonably expect to be
kept from government eyes. The main casualty of this transformed
environment will be privacy. Recent battles over privacy have been
dominated by fights over warrantless electronic surveillance or
CCTV; the coming years will see debates over data-mining and
biometric identification. There will be protests and lawsuits,
editorials and elections resisting these attacks on privacy. Those
battles are worthy. But they will all be lost. Modern threats
increasingly require that governments collect such information,
governments are increasingly able to collect it, and citizens
increasingly accept that they will collect it. The point of this
book is to shift focus away from questions of whether governments
should collect information and onto more problematic and relevant
questions concerning its use. By reframing the relationship between
privacy and security in the language of a social contract, mediated
by a citizenry who are active participants rather than passive
targets, the book offers a framework to defend freedom without
sacrificing liberty.
Arcadia Greentree confronts her past - and her future. In Book 1,
sixteen-year-old Arcadia discovered she was adopted and that her
development had been shaped and monitored by her "parents" together
with the headmaster of her school. The discovery resulted in a
tragedy as her father was murdered and her mother put in a coma. In
Book 2, Arcadia tries to locate the "professor" whom she believes
to be ultimately responsible for her situation. A series of bomb
threats lead her to Oxford University and a confrontation with her
enemy-but all is not as it seems. The pieces of Arcadia's life are
slowly falling into place when her estranged sister returns to
scatter them once more. Arcadia must now choose whether to trust
her nemesis as they uncover the dark secret of their birth.
Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary
combines primary materials with expert commentary demonstrating the
interaction between law and practice in the UN organization, as
well as the possibilities and limitations of multilateral
institutions in general. Each chapter begins with a short
introductory essay describing how the documents that ensue
illustrate a set of legal, institutional, and political issues
relevant to the practice of diplomacy and the development of public
international law through the United Nations. Each chapter also
includes questions to guide discussion of the primary materials,
and a brief bibliography to facilitate further research on the
subject. This second edition addresses the most challenging issues
confronting the United Nations and the global community today, from
terrorism to climate change, from poverty to nuclear proliferation.
New features include hypothetical fact scenarios to test the
understanding of concepts in each chapter. This edition contains
expanded author commentary, while maintaining the focus on primary
materials. Such materials enable a realistic presentation of the
work of international diplomacy: the negotiation, interpretation
and application of such texts are an important part of what
actually takes place at the United Nations and other international
organizations. This work is ideal for courses on the United Nations
or International Organizations, taught in both law and
international relations programs.
The growing economic and political significance of Asia has exposed
a tension in the modern international order. Despite expanding
power and influence, Asian states have played a minimal role in
creating the norms and institutions of international law; today
they are the least likely to be parties to international agreements
or to be represented in international organizations. That is
changing. There is widespread scholarly and practitioner interest
in international law at present in the Asia-Pacific region, as well
as developments in the practice of states. The change has been
driven by threats as well as opportunities. Transnational issues
such as climate change and occasional flashpoints like the
territorial disputes of the South China and the East China Seas
pose challenges while economic integration and the proliferation of
specialized branches of law and dispute settlement mechanisms have
also encouraged greater domestic implementation of international
norms across Asia. These evolutions join the long-standing interest
in parts of Asia (notably South Asia) in post-colonial theory and
the history of international law. The Oxford Handbook of
International Law in Asia and the Pacific brings together
pre-eminent and emerging specialists to analyse the approach to and
influence of key states of the region, as well as whether truly
'Asian' trends can be identified and what this might mean for
international order.
Should we regulate artificial intelligence? Can we? From
self-driving cars and high-speed trading to algorithmic
decision-making, the way we live, work, and play is increasingly
dependent on AI systems that operate with diminishing human
intervention. These fast, autonomous, and opaque machines offer
great benefits - and pose significant risks. This book examines how
our laws are dealing with AI, as well as what additional rules and
institutions are needed - including the role that AI might play in
regulating itself. Drawing on diverse technologies and examples
from around the world, the book offers lessons on how to manage
risk, draw red lines, and preserve the legitimacy of public
authority. Though the prospect of AI pushing beyond the limits of
the law may seem remote, these measures are useful now - and will
be essential if it ever does.
This book, which won an ASIL Certificate of Merit in 2002, critically examines the right of humanitarian intervention, asserted most spectacularly by NATO during its 1999 air strikes over Kosovo. The UN Charter prohibits the unilateral use of force, but there have long been arguments that such a right might exist as an exception to this rule, or linked to the changing role of the Security Council. Through an analysis of these questions, the book puts NATO's action in Kosovo in its proper legal and historical perspective.
Arcadia Greentree knows she isn't exactly normal. But then she
discovers she isn't Arcadia Greentree either. Arcadia sees the
world like no one else. Exceptionally observant, the
sixteen-year-old is aware of her surroundings in a way that
sometimes gets her into trouble and out of it again. But when she
seeks to unravel a mystery at school, a tragedy at home forces her
to use her skills to catch a killer.
In the past decade, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) has transformed from a periodic meeting of ministers to
setting ambitious goals of becoming a Community by 2015. ASEAN is
now the most important regional organisation in the history of the
continent of Asia. An important tension in this transformation is
the question of whether the 'ASEAN way' - defined by consultation
and consensus, rather than enforceable obligations - is consistent
with the establishment of a community governed by law. This book
examines the growing interest in following through on international
commitments, in particular monitoring implementation and
compliance. Key barriers remain, in particular the lack of
resources and ongoing resistance to accepting binding obligations.
It remains to be seen whether these trends herald a more measured
approach to decision-making in ASEAN. Written for practitioners and
researchers alike, this important book provides the first
systematic survey of monitoring within ASEAN.
Frequently characterized as either mercenaries in modern guise or
the market's response to a security vaccuum, private military
companies are commercial firms offering military services ranging
from combat and military training and advice to logistical support,
and which play an increasingly important role in armed conflicts,
UN peace operations, and providing security in unstable states.
Executive Outcomes turned around an orphaned conflict in Sierra
Leone in the mid-1990s; Military Professional Resources
Incorporated (MPRI) was instrumental in shifting the balance of
power in the Balkans, enabling the Croatian military to defeat Serb
forces and clear the way for the Dayton negotiations; in Iraq,
estimates of the number of private contractors on the ground are in
the tens of thousands. As they assume more responsibilities in
conflict and post-conflict settings, their growing significance
raises fundamental questions about their nature, their role in
different regions and contexts, and their regulation. This volume
examines these issues with a focus on governance, in particular the
interaction between regulation and market forces. It analyzes the
current legal framework and the needs and possibilities for
regulation in the years ahead. The book as a whole is organized
around four sets of questions, which are reflected in the four
parts of the book. First, why and how is regulation of PMCs now a
challenging issue? Secondly, how have problems leading to a call
for regulation manifested in different regions and contexts? Third,
what regulatory norms and institutions currently exist and how
effective are they? And, fourth, what role has the market to play
in regulation?
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is a unique figure in
world politics. At once civil servant, the world's diplomat, lackey
of the UN Security Council, and commander-in-chief of up to a
hundred thousand peacekeepers, he or she depends on states for both
the legitimacy and resources that enable the United Nations to
function. The tension between these roles - of being secretary or
general - has challenged every incumbent. This book brings together
the insights of senior UN staff, diplomats and scholars to examine
the normative and political factors that shape this unique office
with particular emphasis on how it has evolved in response to
changing circumstances such as globalization and the onset of the
???war on terror???. The difficulties experienced by each
Secretary-General reflect the profound ambivalence of states
towards entrusting their security, interests or resources to an
intergovernmental body.
The governance of post-conflict territories embodies a central
contradiction: how does one help a population prepare for
democratic governance and the rule of law by imposing a form of
benevolent autocracy? Transitional administrations represent the
most complex operations attempted by the United Nations. The
operations in East Timor and Kosovo are commonly seen as unique in
the history of the UN - perhaps never to be repeated. But they may
also be seen as the latest in a series of operations that have
involved the United Nations in 'state-building' activities, where
it has attempted to develop the institutions of government by
assuming some or all of those sovereign powers on a temporary
basis. The circumstances that have demanded such interventions
certainly will be repeated. Seen in the context of earlier UN
operations, such as those in Namibia, Cambodia, and Eastern
Slavonia, the view that these exceptional circumstances may not
recur is somewhat disingenuous. Moreover, the need for such policy
research has been brought into sharp focus by the weighty but
ambiguous role assigned to the UN in Afghanistan and the
possibility of a comparable role in Iraq. This book fills that gap.
Aimed at policy-makers, diplomats, and a wide academic audience
(including international relations, political science,
international law, and war studies), the book provides a concise
history of UN state-building operations and a treatment of the five
key issues confronting such an operation on the ground: peace and
security, the role of the UN as government, judicial
reconstruction, economic reconstruction, and exit strategies.
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