The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture offers an in-depth discussion of cultural aspects of China from the ancient period to the pre-modern era, lasting over 5,000 years, comprised of 7,000 word pieces by more than 20 world-leading academics and experts. Addressing areas such as China studies, cultural studies, cultural management, and more specific areas - such as religion, opera, Chinese painting, Chinese calligraphy, material culture, performing arts, and visual arts - this encyclopedia covers all major aspects of traditional Chinese culture. The volume is intended to be a detailed reference for graduate students on a variety of courses, and also for undergraduate students on survey courses to Chinese culture.

The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language will truly meet the academic, linguistic and pedagogical needs of those who are interested in the Chinese language in different capacities and for different reasons, such as Sinologists, Chinese linguists, and teachers and learners of Chinese as a second language. The Encyclopedia includes research on the changing landscape of the Chinese language by 66 eminent academics in the field; from research on oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, to Chinese language acquisition, to the language of the mass media. This reference will be the most up to date and authoritative on the market; it will offer an a guide to shifts over time in thinking about the Chinese language as well as providing an overview of contemporary themes, debates and research interests. The editors and contributors are assisted by an editorial board comprised of the best and most experienced sinologists world-wide. The reference includes an introduction, written by the editor, which places the assembled texts in their historical and intellectual context. The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language is destined to be valued by scholars and students as a vital research resource.

The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language will truly meet the academic, linguistic and pedagogical needs of those who are interested in the Chinese language in different capacities and for different reasons, such as Sinologists, Chinese linguists, and teachers and learners of Chinese as a second language. The Encyclopedia includes research on the changing landscape of the Chinese language by 66 eminent academics in the field; from research on oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, to Chinese language acquisition, to the language of the mass media. This reference will be the most up to date and authoritative on the market; it will offer an a guide to shifts over time in thinking about the Chinese language as well as providing an overview of contemporary themes, debates and research interests. The editors and contributors are assisted by an editorial board comprised of the best and most experienced sinologists world-wide. The reference includes an introduction, written by the editor, which places the assembled texts in their historical and intellectual context. The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language is destined to be valued by scholars and students as a vital research resource.

Machine translation has become increasingly popular, especially with the introduction of neural machine translation in major online translation systems. However, despite the rapid advances in machine translation, the role of a human translator remains crucial. As illustrated by the chapters in this book, man-machine interaction is essential in machine translation, localisation, terminology management, and crowdsourcing translation. In fact, the importance of a human translator before, during, and after machine processing, cannot be overemphasised as human intervention is the best way to ensure the translation quality of machine translation. This volume explores the role of a human translator in machine translation from various perspectives, affording a comprehensive look at this topical research area. This book is essential reading for anyone involved in translation studies, machine translation or interested in translation technology.

Machine translation has become increasingly popular, especially with the introduction of neural machine translation in major online translation systems. However, despite the rapid advances in machine translation, the role of a human translator remains crucial. As illustrated by the chapters in this book, man-machine interaction is essential in machine translation, localisation, terminology management, and crowdsourcing translation. In fact, the importance of a human translator before, during, and after machine processing, cannot be overemphasised as human intervention is the best way to ensure the translation quality of machine translation. This volume explores the role of a human translator in machine translation from various perspectives, affording a comprehensive look at this topical research area. This book is essential reading for anyone involved in translation studies, machine translation or interested in translation technology.

As a sequel to An Encyclopedia of Translation: Chinese-English English-Chinese, which was published in 1995, this volume, An Encyclopedia of Practical Translation and Interpreting, focuses on practical translation and interpreting, the two emerging areas of increasing importance in recent decades. Some chapters in this volume are illustrated with examples in translation between Chinese and English. Scholars and experts from China, France, Hong Kong, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States share with us their experiences in translation or interpreting practice. This encyclopedia should be of great interest to both specialists and general readers.

The compilation of this encyclopaedia was prompted by the growth of translation as an academic subject in Hong Kong, this busy entrepot city where the transfer between the Chinese and English languages spans all aspects of life. At the same time translation has been attracting increasing attention universally among students of the humanities for its historical role in introducing and relating one culture to another, and its ways and means of coping with the seemingly impossible task of accurately reflecting one "thought-world" in terms of another. Hence this encyclopaedia serves a dual purpose in addressing both local and universal concerns: the language-specific entries relate to the interaction between the Chinese-speaking and English-speaking worlds, while Western knowledge and experience are also drawn on for topics general to all translation studies.

Given their preference for articles of sufficient length to allow contributors to deal with their topics in some depth and detail, the editors have had to choose from among the great variety of translation activities, past and present, that come within this remit, and have sought to achieve a balance between interesting case studies and disciplinary principles. The ninety-seven entries that have resulted represent the thoughts of leading exponents and scholars of translation from many countries.

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture offers an in-depth discussion of cultural aspects of China from the ancient period to the pre-modern era, lasting over 5,000 years, comprised of 7,000 word pieces by more than 20 world-leading academics and experts. Addressing areas such as China studies, cultural studies, cultural management, and more specific areas - such as religion, opera, Chinese painting, Chinese calligraphy, material culture, performing arts, and visual arts - this encyclopedia covers all major aspects of traditional Chinese culture. The volume is intended to be a detailed reference for graduate students on a variety of courses, and also for undergraduate students on survey courses to Chinese culture.

This fully annotated translation is a valuable addition to the study of T'an S'su-t'ung (Tan Sitong) as well as to our understanding of late Qing political thought.