Sound preparation design enhances longevity for majority of the restorations. Dentistry has come a long way from an empirical art to a well-developed sophisticated science with a background. This has been made possible with the understanding of biomechanical principles. A prosthesis is a mechanical device which has to be accommodated harmoniously in a biological environment i.e. the oral cavity and the associated structures of the stomatognathic system. A thorough understanding of the biomechanical principles facilitates any treatment. This text is an effort to uplift the scientific basis for fixed prosthodontic therapy and dentistry at large. It will not only help the specialist but also a general dentist to do a fixed prosthodontic procedure with every understanding of the possible outcome. Perspective diagnosis and disciplined tooth preparation following the biomechanical principles can determine the success of a fixed partial denture because abutment teeth have the additional responsibility of supporting a fixed prosthesis over an edentulous space. Reduction of tooth structure is preceded by a mental image of the design of the planned prosthesis and the anticipated occlusion.

The present investigation is an attempt to study the economic aspects of production and marketing pattern of Basmati Rice in Jammu district of J & K state with objectives to work out the costs and returns of basmati rice production on different categories of farms, to evaluate the production efficiency on different sized farms of basmati crop, to study the existing marketing structure of basmati producers, to estimate the marketing efficiency in marketing of basmati rice and to examine the major constraints in the production and marketing of basmati rice. Two blocks were selected from Jammu district and from each block four villages were selected purposively. From each block 40 farms were selected randomly to constitute the total sample size of 80 farms. Collection of information regarding marketing of basmati rice was done by visiting growers, rice millers as well as village traders which were involved in marketing of basmati rice.The data collected were subjected to analysis for examine the objective of the investigation viz. cost and returns, production efficiency, marketing structure, marketing efficiency and constraints in production and marketing.

Crop Loan is a financial term, available to the farmers in the form of short-term credit for financing crop production programmes. It is one of the essential requirements for the growth of agricultural production & productivity. In India, more than 50 per cent population lives in rural areas and approximately 60 per cent population depends on agriculture. But still agriculture confronts multiple risk and uncertainty due to lack of scattered land holdings, traditional mode of production, low use of modern inputs and technologies and lack of market incentives. This lead ultimately low yield and farmers demoralized and invest less in it. Therefore, Agricultural Credit Policy essentially lays emphasis on augmenting credit flow at the ground level through credit planning, adoption of region-specific strategies, rationalization of lending policies and procedures and bringing down the cost of borrowing and ultimately to provide better access to institutional credit for small and marginal farmers to enable them so as to adopt modern technology and induce them for the investment in agriculture.

During the past two and half decades, light propagation in complex structures has aroused considerable interest of many investigators. Early work of E. Yablonovitch and his co-workers and also by S. John stimulated tremendously the interest of many researchers, who suggested that diffraction by periodic structures might lead to a 'photonic insulator' in which propagation of light is forbidden in a certain range of frequencies. These photonic insulators are known as Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structures have a large number of applications in the field of photonics and integrated optics. Many applications in optics and microwaves are emerging by using the concept of PBG materials and structures. This new exciting structures and materials are currently under investigation in many laboratories worldwide.

Pressure on the land resources will increase significantly in the next few decades while the land available for food supply will continue to decline in per-capita terms. The food, fodder and fuel production in developing countries will have to be increased by 60% in the next 25 years to meet the needs of growing population. Thus, efforts be made to increase productivity of agricultural land by advocating agroforestry as one of the most practical way of meeting the needs. Agroforestry systems are often claimed to be superior to agricultural systems because of their ability to contribute to sustained production of crops and also play a promising role for environmental consideration. Fruit tree based agroforestry involves intentional and simultaneous association of annual or perennial crops with perennial fruit-producing trees on the same land unit. The relatively short juvenile (pre-production) phase of fruit trees, high market value of products and the contribution of fruits to household dietary needs, fruit-tree-based agroforestry enjoys high popularity among producers worldwide.