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This book explores how around the world, women's increased presence
in the labor force has reorganized the division of labor in
households, affecting different regions depending on their
cultures, economies, and politics; as well as the nature and size
of their welfare states and the gendering of employment
opportunities. As one result, the authors find, women are
increasingly migrating from the global south to become care workers
in the global north. This volume focuses on changing patterns of
family and gender relations, migration, and care work in the
countries surrounding the Pacific Rim-a global epicenter of
transnational care migration. Using a multi-scalar approach that
addresses micro, meso, and macro levels, chapters examine three
domains: care provisioning, the supply of and demand for care work,
and the shaping and framing of care. The analysis reveals that
multiple forms of global inequalities are now playing out in the
most intimate of spaces.
First Published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
"On the whole, this much needed book offers both a necessary
corrective to and further development of theoretical thinking about
and empirical analysis of civil society. It should be required
reading among historians, political scientists and sociologists
alike." . Journal of Contemporary European Studies "Civil Society
and Gender Justice does double intellectual duty: at the same time
that it subjects the idea of civil society to scrupulous feminist
critique, it demonstrates the theoretical utility and political
necessity of that concept. Cogently argued and studded with
illuminating transnational case studies, this single volume is
priority reading for feminists, historians, and citizens." . Mary
P. Ryan (University of California Berkeley) "Finally, in this rich
collection of sparkling essays, the much ballyhooed concept of
'civil society' receives a searching critique and reconstruction
from the standpoint of gender. Ranging well beyond the usual
Western European and North American contexts, the contributors
disclose both the exclusionary limitations and the transformative
prospects of multiple incarnations and imaginings of civil
society." . Nancy Fraser (New School for Social Research) Civil
society and civic engagement have increasingly become topics of
discussion at the national and international level. The editors of
this volume ask, does the concept of "civil society" include gender
equality and gender justice? Or, to frame the question differently,
is civil society a feminist concept? Conversely, does feminism need
the concept of civil society? This important volume offers both a
revised gendered history of civil society and a program for making
it more egalitarian in the future. An interdisciplinary group of
internationally known authors investigates the relationship between
public and private in the discourses and practices of civil
societies; the significance of the family for the project of civil
society; the relation between civil society, the state, and
different forms of citizenship; and the complex connection between
civil society, gendered forms of protest and nongovernmental
movements. While often critical of historical instantiations of
civil society, all the authors nonetheless take seriously the
potential inherent in civil society, particularly as it comes to
influence global politics. They demand, however, an expansion of
both the concept and project of civil society in order to make its
political opportunities available to all."
A hugely important contribution to one of the key questions of our
time: how to combine, in a socially just way, the universalism
embodied in national welfare states with the diversity and
transnational mobility of populations. Using Myrdal's 1944
analysis, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern
Democracy, as a launch, the chapters circumnavigate this question
360 degrees across twentieth century history, across the Atlantic,
and across the contemporary world, tracking the arguments this way
and that. A must read.' - Fiona Williams, University of Leeds,
UK'Gathering excellent contributors, this book explores the
contested relationship between social policy and ethnic-racial
diversity. Adopting an historical perspective and starting from
Gunnar Myrdal's seminal book An America Dilemma, the volume
compares the American experience with the European situation, where
the implications of ethnic and racial diversity for social policy
are now widely debated. Students of ethnic relations and of social
policy from both sides of the Atlantic should read and engage with
this unique and outstanding volume.' - Daniel Beland, University of
Saskatchewan, Canada 'Has racial and ethnic fragmentation
undermined American social solidarity and undercut the US welfare
state? Even more pertinently, now that we are all multiculturalists
and every nation is a melting pot, do the formerly so-homogenous
Europeans face similar dilemmas? Are they joining in a race to the
social policy bottom, or have they found ways to overcome these
divisions? Such questions are pursued by these fascinating essays
that have relevance for both sides of the Atlantic, and for
scholars and policy makers alike.' - Peter Baldwin, Global
Distinguished Professor, New York University, US In this
interdisciplinary volume, leading and emerging scholars examine the
relationship between homogeneity and welfare state development.
They trace Gunnar Myrdal's influence on thinking about race in the
US and explore current European states' approaches to the strangers
in their midst, and what social citizenship looks like from a
global perspective. Myrdal's An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem
and Modern Democracy persuaded many scholars that the United States
failed to develop a robust welfare state because of its ethnic and
racial heterogeneity. Conversely, it argued that homogeneity was a
precondition for the creation of strong welfare states in European,
especially Nordic, countries. With increasing diversity now
challenging these welfare states, the kind of 'dilemma' that Myrdal
identified no longer appears to be solely an American one. Students
and scholars of contemporary welfare states in the social sciences
and policy studies will find this to be an insightful read, as the
book challenges current perceptions. It will also be of interest to
policy makers and practitioners looking to examine the historical
context behind the politics of welfare states in the US and
Scandinavia. Contributors: H. Blomberg-Kroll, G. Brochmann, R.
Careja, P. Emmenegger, T. Faist, P. Kettunen, D. King, J. Kvist, S.
Michel, M. Morey, H.B. Nassif, A. O'Connor, R.S. Parrenas, S.
Pellander, K. Petersen, D. Roberts, A.V. Schwennicke, A.H. Sinno,
E. Tatari, S. Williamson
Civil society and civic engagement have increasingly become topics
of discussion at the national and international level. The editors
of this volume ask, does the concept of "civil society" include
gender equality and gender justice? Or, to frame the question
differently, is civil society a feminist concept? Conversely, does
feminism need the concept of civil society? This important volume
offers both a revised gendered history of civil society and a
program for making it more egalitarian in the future. An
interdisciplinary group of internationally known authors
investigates the relationship between public and private in the
discourses and practices of civil societies; the significance of
the family for the project of civil society; the relation between
civil society, the state, and different forms of citizenship; and
the complex connection between civil society, gendered forms of
protest and nongovernmental movements. While often critical of
historical instantiations of civil society, all the authors
nonetheless take seriously the potential inherent in civil society,
particularly as it comes to influence global politics. They demand,
however, an expansion of both the concept and project of civil
society in order to make its political opportunities available to
all.
Whether childcare is seen as part of society's educational policy, welfare policy, or employment policy affects not only its form and content but also its public image. The contributors in this volume use current polices for the care of infants and preschool children to analyze debates and track the emergence of new state welfare practices across a variety of social and political configurations-and offer some conclusions about which methods work the best.
In Mothers of a New World historians of Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States provide a sweeping view of the scope of women's work and make comparisons across societies and over time. The essays analyze tensions between reformers and clients arising from differences of class, race, ethnicity and religion. This collection will compel readers to revise their accounts of welfare state development by moving issues of gender and the work of female reformers from the margins to the centre.
Gender and the Long Postwar examines gender politics during the
post-World War II period and the Cold War in the United States and
East and West Germany. The authors show how disruptions of older
political and social patterns, exposure to new cultures, population
shifts, and the rise of consumerism affected gender roles and
identities. Comparing all three countries, chapters analyze the
ways that gender figured into relations between victor and
vanquished and shaped everyday life in both the Western and Soviet
blocs. Topics include the gendering of the immediate aftermath of
war; the military, politics, and changing masculinities in postwar
societies; policies to restore the gender order and foster marriage
and family; demobilization and the development of postwar welfare
states; and debates over sexuality (gay and straight).
The word “mother” traditionally meant a woman who bears and
nurtures a child. In recent decades, changes in social norms and
public policy as well as advances in reproductive technologies and
the development of markets for procreation and care have radically
expanded definitions of motherhood. But while maternity has become
a matter of choice for more women, the freedom to make reproductive
decisions is unevenly distributed. Restrictive policies,
socioeconomic disadvantages, cultural mores, and discrimination
force some women into motherhood and prevent others from caring for
their children. Reassembling Motherhood brings together
contributors from across the disciplines to consider the
transformation of motherhood as both an identity and a role. It
examines how the processes of bearing and rearing a child are being
restructured as reproductive labor and care work change around the
globe. The authors examine issues such as artificial reproductive
technologies, surrogacy, fetal ultrasounds, adoption, nonparental
care, and the legal status of kinship, showing how complex chains
of procreation and childcare have simultaneously generated greater
liberty and new forms of constraint. Emphasizing the tension
between the liberalization of procreation and care on the one hand,
and the limits to their democratization due to race, class, and
global inequality on the other, the book highlights debates that
have emerged as these multifaceted changes have led to both the
fragmentation and reassembling of motherhood.
Contents: Introduction Part I. The Consequences of Weak Feminism 1.Gender and Generation 2.The Value of an Educational Emphasis 3.Ideology, Economics and the Politics of Child Care in Poland Before and After the Transition Part II. The Power of Choice 4.Australia 5.The Illusion of Free Choice 6.Child Care Policy and the Crisis of the Welfare State in France Part III. The Impact of Neo-Liberalism 7."Modernization" and Welfare State Restructuring in Italy 8.Dual-Earner Families Caught in a Liberal Welfare regime? 9.Child Care in Britain 10.More Can be Less Part IV. Preserving/Creating Universalism 11.Danish Child Care 12.Alive and Fairly Well 13.Against the Current Afterward Contributors
The word "mother" has traditionally meant a woman who bears and
nurtures a child. In recent decades, changes in social norms and
public policy as well as advances in reproductive technologies and
the development of markets for procreation and care have radically
expanded definitions of motherhood. But while maternity has become
a choice for more women, the freedom to make reproductive decisions
is unevenly distributed. Restrictive policies, socioeconomic
disadvantages, cultural mores, and discrimination force some women
into motherhood or prevent them from caring for their children.
Reassembling Motherhood brings together contributors from across
the disciplines to examine the transformation of motherhood as both
an identity and a role. It examines how the processes of bearing
and rearing a child are being restructured as reproductive labor
and care work change around the globe. The authors examine issues
such as artificial reproductive technologies, surrogacy, fetal
ultrasounds, adoption, nonparental care, and the legal status of
kinship, showing how complex chains of procreation and childcare
have simultaneously generated greater liberty and new forms of
constraint. Emphasizing the tension between the liberalization of
procreation and care on the one hand, and the limits to their
democratization due to race, class, and global inequality on the
other, the book highlights debates that have emerged during these
multifaceted changes, working to fragment and then reassemble the
concept of motherhood.
Why is the United States one of the few advanced democratic market
societies that do not offer child care as a universal public
benefit or entitlement? This book-a comprehensive history of child
care policy and practices in the United States from the colonial
period to the present-shows why the current child care system
evolved as it has and places its history within a broad comparative
context. Drawing on a full range of archival material, Sonya Michel
shows how child care policy in the United States was shaped by
changing theories of child development and early childhood
education, attitudes toward maternal employment, and conceptions of
the proper roles of low-income and minority women. And she argues
that the present policy-erratic, inadequate, and stigmatized-is
typical of the American way of doing welfare.
What effect did the two world wars have on the relations between
women and men? Drawing on broad comparative material-from
government policy to popular media, poetry and fiction, and
personal letters-this book examines the redefinition of gender that
occurred in many Western countries during both world wars. "A major
addition to the literature on gender relations and war."-Helena
Lewis, Women's Review of Books "One of the first, and certainly the
most exciting, treatments of war as an event of gender
politics."-Choice "A substantial contribution to the social history
of this century."-Anne Summers, Times Literary Supplement "These
essays powerfully demonstrate how much the world wars provided
battlegrounds not only for nations but for the sexes."-Michael S.
Sherry, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science "A work of lively, engaged scholarship.... This is an
important contribution to current debates about war and human
identity, war and political reality, war and transformative
possibility."-Jean Bethke Elshtain
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