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This book discusses how sediments compact with depth and
applications of the compaction trends. Porosity reduction in
sediment conveniently indicates the degree of sediments compacted
after deposition. Published empirical curves- the compaction
curves- are depth-wise porosity variation through which change in
pore spaces from sediment surface to deeper depths e.g. up to 6 km
can be delineated. Porosity is derived from well logs. Compaction
curves, referred to as the Normal Porosity Profile of shales,
sandstones and shale bearing sandstones of different models are
reviewed along with the different mechanical and chemical
compaction processes. These compaction models reveals how porosity
reduces depth-wise and the probable reason for anomalous zones.
Deviation from these normal compaction trends may indicate abnormal
pressure scenarios: either over- or under pressure. We highlight
global examples of abnormal pressure scenarios along with the
different primary- and secondary mechanisms. Well logs and cores
being the direct measurements of porosity, well log is the only
cost-effective way to determine porosity of subsurface rocks.
Certain well logs can detect overpressure and the preference of one
log above the other helps reduce the uncertainty. Apart from
delineation of under-compacted zones by comparing the modeled- with
the actual compaction, porosity data can also estimate erosion.
This book discusses how sediments compact with depth and
applications of the compaction trends. Porosity reduction in
sediment conveniently indicates the degree of sediments compacted
after deposition. Published empirical curves- the compaction
curves- are depth-wise porosity variation through which change in
pore spaces from sediment surface to deeper depths e.g. up to 6 km
can be delineated. Porosity is derived from well logs. Compaction
curves, referred to as the Normal Porosity Profile of shales,
sandstones and shale bearing sandstones of different models are
reviewed along with the different mechanical and chemical
compaction processes. These compaction models reveals how porosity
reduces depth-wise and the probable reason for anomalous zones.
Deviation from these normal compaction trends may indicate abnormal
pressure scenarios: either over- or under pressure. We highlight
global examples of abnormal pressure scenarios along with the
different primary- and secondary mechanisms. Well logs and cores
being the direct measurements of porosity, well log is the only
cost-effective way to determine porosity of subsurface rocks.
Certain well logs can detect overpressure and the preference of one
log above the other helps reduce the uncertainty. Apart from
delineation of under-compacted zones by comparing the modeled- with
the actual compaction, porosity data can also estimate erosion.
This edited book discusses various challenges in teaching
structural geology and tectonics and how they have been overcome by
eminent instructors, who employed effective and innovative means to
do so. All of the chapters were written by prominent and active
academics and geoscientists fully engaged in teaching Structural
Geology and Tectonics. New instructors will find this book
indispensible in framing their teaching strategy. Effective
teaching of Structural Geology and Tectonics constitutes the
backbone of geoscience education. Teaching takes place not only in
classrooms, but also in labs and in the field. The content and
teaching methodologies for these two fields have changed over time,
shaped by the responsibilities that present-day geoscientists are
expected to fulfill.
Study of microstructures is an indispensable component of
understanding structural geology of any terrain. A number of
ânewâ microscopic structures such as âflanking
microstructuresâ, trapezoid-shaped mineral grains, reversal of
ductile shear sense, micro-duplexes, V-pull aparts, and new
minerals nucleating inside host minerals have recently been
described in individual manuscripts. However, for the sake of
brevity, microstructural papers cannot show all possible variation
in their morphology. The proposed book aims to present these
structures with attractive colour photographs. Each photomicrograph
will have a comprehensive caption. The book also presents grain
boundary migration, boudins, symptoms of metamorphic retrogression,
and how well known shear sense indicators (S-C fabrics, mineral
fish etc.) vary in morphology in serial-sections. The target
audience is for graduate and postgraduate geosciences students and
researchers of structural geology.
Study of structures associated with shear zones is a crucial aspect
to understand the deformation mechanism associated with such zones.
Shear zones have been emphasized since it will lead to many latest
applied studies such as radioactive waste disposal, groundwater
flow etc. For the sake of brevity, research papers cannot show all
possible variation in structures found in shear zones. The proposed
book aims to present some of these structures in great details with
attractive colour photographs. Each photograph will have a
comprehensive caption.
This book incorporates original and review articles on
several aspects of petroleum geosciences from Indian terrains, both
onshore and offshore, and includes diverse geological (tectonic,
sedimentological, organic geochemical, paleontological,
stratigraphic, modelling and various others), geophysical methods
and policy aspects.
This work reviews the mechanism of rifting with a focus on
pre-existing tectonic weaknesses in pre-rift and/or basement rocks,
i.e., on tectonic inheritance. The passive margins that are studied
in this book are the Norwegian Continental Shelf, the Eastern North
America and the East and West Indian Continental Margins. The
continental rifts that have been analysed are the East African Rift
System, the Brazilian Continental Rift Systems and the European
Cenozoic Rift System. It states how rifts and passive margins serve
as valuable locations for hydrocarbon exploration. Tectonic
inheritance/heritage examines the influence of
pre-existing/pre-rift elements on the geometry, genesis and
propagation of rift-related faults. Such elements include
anisotropies in the shallow crustal levels, as well as the rheology
of the lithosphere. Inheritance greatly influences the architecture
of rifted passive margins including the attitude of faults and
geometry of horsts, (half-) grabens, transfer zones etc.
Inheritance is also a determining factor in the width of rifts and
rift shoulder topography.
This book incorporates original and review articles on several
aspects of petroleum geosciences from Indian terrains, both onshore
and offshore, and includes diverse geological (tectonic,
sedimentological, organic geochemical, paleontological,
stratigraphic, modelling and various others), geophysical methods
and policy aspects.
Study of structures associated with shear zones is a crucial aspect
to understand the deformation mechanism associated with such zones.
Shear zones have been emphasized since it will lead to many latest
applied studies such as radioactive waste disposal, groundwater
flow etc. For the sake of brevity, research papers cannot show all
possible variation in structures found in shear zones. The proposed
book aims to present some of these structures in great details with
attractive colour photographs. Each photograph will have a
comprehensive caption.
Study of microstructures is an indispensable component of
understanding structural geology of any terrain. A number of 'new'
microscopic structures such as 'flanking microstructures',
trapezoid-shaped mineral grains, reversal of ductile shear sense,
micro-duplexes, V-pull aparts, and new minerals nucleating inside
host minerals have recently been described in individual
manuscripts. However, for the sake of brevity, microstructural
papers cannot show all possible variation in their morphology. The
proposed book aims to present these structures with attractive
colour photographs. Each photomicrograph will have a comprehensive
caption. The book also presents grain boundary migration, boudins,
symptoms of metamorphic retrogression, and how well known shear
sense indicators (S-C fabrics, mineral fish etc.) vary in
morphology in serial-sections. The target audience is for graduate
and postgraduate geosciences students and researchers of structural
geology.
This book Understanding Pore Space through Log Measurements deals
with porosity, insight on pore shape connectedness, grain size,
grain aspect ratio, permeability etc. Most of the published
literature is focused on permeability from log measurements and log
analytic techniques for porosity and fluid saturation
determination. On the other hand, this book aims at looking at
porosity distribution, pore shape, and pore connectedness using log
measurements and thus bringing pore space into focus. A compilation
of available knowledge from this perspective will lead the reader
to better understanding of reservoir characterization takeaways,
which exploration and exploitation managers and workers will be
looking for.
This second edition of Atlas of Structural Geology features a broad
and inclusive range of high-quality mesoscale and microscale
full-color photographs, descriptions, and captions related to the
deformation of rocks and geologic structures. It is a
multicontributed, comprehensive reference that includes submissions
from many of the world's leading structural geologists, making it
one of the most thorough and comprehensive references available to
the geoscience community. All types of structures are featured,
including those related to ductile and brittle shear zones, sigma
and delta structures, mineral fish, duplexes and trapezoids,
shear-related folds, and flanking structures in the mesoscale and
microscale. This second edition features new and expanded coverage,
including seismic-image interpretation, landslide deformations,
flowing glacial structures, and more than 150 new full-color images
to illustrate the geologic features. A stunning collection of the
world's most beautiful and arresting geologic structures, this book
is the ideal resource to illustrate key concepts in geology.
Map Interpretation for Structural Geologists covers various topics,
from deciphering topography using contour patterns to interpreting
folds, faults, unconformities and dykes. By interpreting several
types of maps, this book gives readers the confidence to solve
difficult geologic questions related to map interpretation in the
classroom and in the field. Interpreting geological and structural
maps is an inseparable part of learning structural geology in the
undergraduate curriculum and postgraduate development.
Atlas of Structural Geology features a broad and inclusive range of
high-quality meso- and micro-scale full-color photographs,
descriptions, and captions related to the deformation of rocks and
geologic structures. It is a multi-contributed, comprehensive
reference that includes submissions from many of the world's
leading structural geologists, making it the most thorough and
comprehensive reference available to the scientific community. All
types of structures are featured, including structures related to
ductile and brittle shear zones, sigma- and delta-structures,
mineral fish, duplexes and trapezoids, shear related folds, and
flanking structures in meso- and micro-scales. A stunning
collection of the world's most beautiful and arresting geologic
structures, the Atlas of Structural Geology is the ideal aid in the
retention of key concepts in geology.
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