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In production and service sectors we often come across
situations where females remain largely overshadowed by males both
in terms of wages and productivity. Men are generally assigned jobs
that require more physical work while the 'less' strenuous job is
allocated to the females. However, the gender dimension of labor
process in the service sector in India has remained relatively
unexplored. There are certain activities in the service sector
where females are more suitable than males. The service sector
activities are usually divided into OAE and Establishments. In this
work, an attempt has been made to segregate the productivity of
females compared to that of males on the basis of both partial and
complete separability models. An estimate has also been made of the
female labor supply function. The results present a downward trend
for female participation both in Own Account Enterprises (OAE) and
Establishment. The higher the female shadow wage the lower their
supply. This lends support to the supposition that female labor
participation is a type of "distress supply" rather than a positive
indicator of women's empowerment. Analysis of the National Sample
Service Organization data indicates that in all the sectors women
are generally paid less than men. A micro-econometric study reveals
that even in firms that employ solely female labor, incidence of
full-time labor is deplorably poor. It is this feature that results
in women workers' lower earnings and their deprivation.
This book attempts to analyse the importance of education for the
economic growth of a country. It outlines the time series analysis
of education growth in India along with the growth of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), exports, social sector expenditure and
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This book focuses on the regional
disparity in attaining education in different states of India by
applying convergence analysis. It is visualized that the findings
of the study would be useful in particular to the students of
economics, researchers in education sector as well as academicians
interested in analyzing the economic growth and productivity.
Fishery serves multiple socio-economic and environmental
purposes.In India West Bengal occupies the topmost position in
contributing to inland production.Burdwan district is the biggest
one in the state and marked by the existence of diverse
environmental and productive conditions of fishery ponds because of
their dispersed locations in both industrial and agricultural
belt.Despite differing locational features of sample ponds, the
fishermen associated with the PFCS/FPG are usually poor,
semi-literate, live in poor housing and hardly have in-house
toilet.Inadequate infrastructural facility, erratic supply of
quality seed, high input cost, improper marketing channel, absence
of proper storage facility, lack of species enhancement hamper
steady attainment of productivity, profitability and marketing
efficiency.Again often sustainability issue linked to environmental
quality of fish pond and fish health are traded off with higher
profit.Often production far below MSY level is observed due to lack
of adequate fund and skilled management.Environmental and economic
parameters of ponds should be properly addressed to for sustainable
management of fishery ponds.
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