India became independent in 1947 and, after nearly three years of debate in the Constituent Assembly, adopted a Constitution that came into effect on 26 January 1950. This Constitution has lasted until the present, with its basic structure unaltered, a remarkable achievement given that the generally accepted prerequisites for democratic stability did not exist, and do not exist even today. Half a century of constitutional democracy is something that political scientists and legal scholars need to analyze and explain. This volume examines the career of constitutional-political ideas (implicitly of Western origin) in the text of the Indian Constitution or implicit within it, as well as in actual political practice in the country over the past half-century.

"India s Living Constitution" examines the constitution that was adopted nearly three years after independence on 26 January 1950, and which remarkably survives today with its basic structure unaltered. This is an extraordinary achievement given that the generally accepted prerequisites for democratic stability did not exist at the time of its composition, and do not even exist today. Half a century of constitutional democracy is a phenomenon that political scientists and legal scholars need to analyse and explain.The Indian Constitution outlined the framework and organization of the political and social order. This included universal citizenship and suffrage, civil and political liberties, and a vision of social justice and equality. Many of these constitutional provisions aimed to bring about a fundamental change in the structure of Indian society. But society does not change with the adoption of a radically new constitution. While constitutionalism is about rules, democracy follows a wayward path, driven by the passions of competing political visions, interests and mass mobilization.This new collection by a group of distinguished scholars rigorously analyses the constitutional-political ideas -- implicitly of Western origin -- that are embedded in the text of the Indian Constitution, and their evolution in political practice in the country over the past 50 years.

Conveying ideas in a user-friendly style, this book has been designed for a course in Applied Algebra. The book covers graph algorithms, basic algebraic structures, coding theory and cryptography. It will be most suited for senior undergraduates and beginning graduate students in mathematics and computer science as also to individuals who want to have a knowledge of the below-mentioned topics. Provides a complete discussion on several graph algorithms such as Prims algorithm and Kruskals algorithm for sending a minimum cost spanning tree in a weighted graph, Dijkstras single source shortest path algorithm, Floyds algorithm, Warshalls algorithm, Kuhn-Munkres Algorithm. In addition to DFS and BFS search, several applications of DFS and BFS are also discussed. Presents a good introduction to the basic algebraic structures, namely, matrices, groups, rings, fields including finite fields as also a discussion on vector spaces and linear equations and their solutions. Provides an introduction to linear codes including cyclic codes. Presents a description of private key cryptosystems as also a discussion on public key cryptosystems such as RSA, ElGamal and Miller-Rabin. Finally, the Agrawal-KayalSaxena algorithm (AKS Algorithm) for testing if a given positive integer is prime or not in polynomial time is presented- the first time in a textbook. Two distinguished features of the book are: Illustrative examples have been presented throughout the book to make the readers appreciate the concepts described. Answers to all even-numbered exercises in all the chapters are given.

Discrete Mathematics has permeated the whole of mathematics so much so it has now come to be taught even at the high school level. This book presents the basics of Discrete Mathematics and its applications to day-to-day problems in several areas. This book is intended for undergraduate students of Computer Science, Mathematics and Engineering. A number of examples have been given to enhance the understanding of concepts. The programming languages used are Pascal and C.