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For nearly a century the Garden City movement has represented one
end of a continuum in an ongoing debate about the future of the
modern city. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard envisioned an experimental
community as the alternative to huge, teeming cities. Small,
planned "garden cities" girdled by greenbelts were to serve in time
as the "master key" to a higher, more cooperative stage of
civilization based on ecologically balanced communities. Howard
soon founded an international planning movement which ever since
has represented a remarkable blend of accommodation to and protest
against urban changes and the rise of the suburbs. In this
interconnected history of the Garden City movement in the United
States and Britain, Buder examines its influence, strengths and
limitations. Howard's garden city, he shows, joined together two
very different types of late-nineteenth-century experimental
communities, creating a tension never fully resolved. One approach,
utopian and radical in nature, challenged conventional values; the
other, the model industrial towns of "enlightened" capitalists,
reinforceed them. Buder traces this tension through planning
history from the nineteenth-century world of visionaries,
philanthropy, and self help into our own with its reliance on the
expert, bureaucracy, and governmental policy, shedding light on the
complex changes in the way we have thought in the twentieth century
about community, urban design, and indeed the process of change.
His final chapters examine the world-wide enthusiasm for "New
Towns" between 1945-1975 and recent political and social trends
which challenge many fundamental assumptions of modern planning.
Americans love ""this year's model,"" relying on the ""new"" to be
always ""improved."" Enthusiasm for the new, says Stanley Buder, is
essential to American business, where innovation and change stoke
the engines of economic energy. To really understand the history of
business in America, he argues, we must understand the intertwining
dynamics of social and business values. In a history spanning over
three hundred years, Buder examines the enveloping expansion of the
market economy, the laggardly use of government to modify or
control market forces, the rise of consumerism, the shifting role
of small business, and much more. He concludes with the explosive
development of business in the 1990s and its aftermath of crises
and scandals. Along the way, he analyzes the ways American social
values foster an entrepreneurial ethos and why the identification
of change with progress provides a distinctive and provocative
theme in American life. Buder studies American business as not only
an engine of wealth accumulation but also an important generator
and reflector of American values. Capitalizing on Change is the
first full-length business history in recent years to make this
relationship clear.
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