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Stanely G. payne here presents a full history of fascism in
interwar Europe, as well as a survey of fascist theory and postwar
fascism. The author examines all major fascist movements as well as
other forms of authoritarian nationalism and provides a
comprehensive work on generic fascism to date. The book traces the
phenomenon of fascism through the history of ideas, previous
political movements, and the events of the First World War.
Although the focus is principally fascist Italy and Nazi Germany,
the book also gives detailed attention to the Romanian Iron Guard,
Franco's Spain, Japan and proto-fascist movements around the globe.
The author explores the reasons for both the limits of fascism's
appeal and the historical transcendence of the "fascist era".The
inclusion of other forms of authoritarian nationalism lays a
foundation for comparative analysis and leads to a more workable
definition of authoritarianism. It should be useful reading for
students studying the rise of totalitarianism in twentieth-century
Europe and for those concerned about the rise of ultranationalism
today.
Was Franco sympathetic to Nazi Germany? Why didn't Spain enter
World War II? In what ways did Spain collaborate with the Third
Reich? How much did Spain assist Jewish refugees? This is the first
book in any language to answer these intriguing questions. Stanley
Payne, a leading historian of modern Spain, explores the full range
of Franco's relationship with Hitler, from 1936 to the fall of the
Reich in 1945. But as Payne brilliantly shows, relations between
these two dictators were not only a matter of "realpolitik." These
two titanic egos engaged in an extraordinary tragicomic drama often
verging on the dark absurdity of a Beckett or Ionesco play. Whereas
Payne investigates the evolving relationship of the two regimes up
to the conclusion of World War II, his principal concern is the
enigma of Spain's unique position during the war, as a semi-fascist
country struggling to maintain a tortured neutrality. Why Spain did
not enter the war as a German ally, joining with Hitler to seize
Gibraltar and close the Mediterranean to the British navy, is at
the center of Payne's narrative. Franco's only personal meeting
with Hitler, in 1940 to discuss precisely this, is recounted here
in groundbreaking detail that also sheds significant new light on
the Spanish government's vacillating policy toward Jewish refugees,
on the Holocaust, and on Spain's German connection throughout the
duration of the war.
This book presents an original new history of the most important
conflict in European affairs during the 1930s, prior to the events
that produced World War II the Spanish Civil War. It describes the
complex origins of the conflict, the collapse of the Spanish
Republic, and the outbreak of the only mass worker revolution in
the history of Western Europe. Stanley Payne explains the character
of the Spanish revolution and the complex web of republican
politics, while also examining in detail the development of
Franco's counterrevolutionary dictatorship. Payne gives attention
to the multiple meanings and interpretations of war and examines
why the conflict provoked such strong reactions in its own time,
and long after. The book also explains the military history of the
war and its place in the history of military development, the
non-intervention policy of the democracies, and the role of German,
Italian, and Soviet intervention, concluding with an analysis of
the place of the war in European affairs and in comparative
perspective of revolutionary civil wars of the twentieth century."
What History Tells presents an impressive collection of critical
papers from the September 2001 conference ""An Historian's Legacy:
George L. Mosse and Recent Research on Fascism, Society, and
Culture."" This book examines Mosse's historiographical legacy,
first within the context of his own life and the internal
development of his work and, second by tracing the many ways Mosse
influenced the subsequent study of contemporary history, European
cultural history, and modern Jewish history. The contributors
include the distinguished scholars Walter Laqueur, David Sabcan,
Johann Sommerville, Emilio Gentile, Roger Griffin, Saul
Friedlander, Jay Winter, Rudy Koshar, Robert Nye, Janna Bourke,
Shulamit Volkov, and Steven E. Aschheim.
""A History of Fascism" is an invaluable sourcebook, offering a
rare combination of detailed information and thoughtful analysis.
It is a masterpiece of comparative history, for the comparisons
enhance our understanding of each part of the whole. The term
'fascist, ' used so freely these days as a pejorative epithet that
has nearly lost its meaning, is precisely defined, carefully
applied and skillfully explained. The analysis effectively restores
the dimension of evil."--Susan Zuccotti, "The Nation"
"A magisterial, wholly accessible, engaging study. . . . Payne
defines fascism as a form of ultranationalism espousing a myth of
national rebirth and marked by extreme elitism, mobilization of the
masses, exaltation of hierarchy and subordination, oppression of
women and an embrace of violence and war as virtues."--"Publishers
Weekly"
General Francisco Franco (1892-1975), ruler of Spain for nearly
forty years, was one of the most powerful and controversial leaders
in that nation's long history. This deeply researched biography
treats the three major aspects of his life-personal, military, and
political. It depicts his early life, explains his career and rise
to prominence as an army officer who became Europe's youngest
interwar brigadier general in 1926, and then discusses his role in
the affairs of the troubled Second Spanish Republic. Stanley G.
Payne and Jesus Palacios examine in detail how Franco became
dictator and how his leadership led to victory in the Spanish Civil
War that consolidated his regime. They also explore Franco's role
in the great repression that accompanied the Civil War-resulting in
tens of thousands of executions-and examine at length his
controversial role in World War II. This masterful biography
highlights Franco's metamorphoses and adaptations to retain power
as politics, culture, and economics shifted in the four decades of
his dictatorship.
General Francisco Franco ruled Spain for nearly forty years, as one
of the most powerful and controversial leaders in that nation's
long history. He has been the subject of many biographies, several
of them more than a thousand pages in length, but all the preceding
works have tended toward one extreme of interpretation or the
other. This is the first comprehensive scholarly biography of
Franco in English that is objective and balanced in its coverage,
treating all three major aspects of his life - personal, military,
and political. The coauthors, both renowned historians of Spain,
present a deeply researched account that has made extensive use of
the Franco Archive (long inaccessible to historians). They have
also conducted in-depth interviews with his only daughter to
explain better his family background, personal life, and marital
environment, as well as his military and political career. Franco:
A Personal and Political Biography depicts his early life, explains
his career and rise to prominence as an army officer who became
Europe's youngest interwar brigadier general in 1926, and then
discusses his role in the affairs of the troubled Second Spanish
Republic (1931-36). Stanley G. Payne and Jesus Palacios examine in
detail how Franco became dictator and how his leadership led to
victory in the Spanish Civil War that consolidated his regime. They
also explore Franco's role in the great repression that accompanied
the Civil War-resulting in tens of thousands of executions - and
examine at length his controversial role in World War II. This
masterful biography highlights Franco's metamorphoses and
adaptations to retain power as politics, culture, and economics
shifted in the four decades of his dictatorship.
This book presents a new history of the most important conflict in
European affairs during the 1930s, the Spanish Civil War. It
describes the complex origins of the conflict, the collapse of the
Spanish Republic and the outbreak of the only mass worker
revolution in the history of Western Europe. Stanley Payne explains
the character of the Spanish revolution and the complex web of
republican politics, while also examining the development of
Franco's counter-revolutionary dictatorship. Payne gives attention
to the multiple meanings and interpretations of war and examines
why the conflict provoked such strong reactions at the time, and
long after. The book also explains the military history of the war
and its place in the history of military development, the
non-intervention policy of the democracies and the role of German,
Italian and Soviet intervention, concluding with an analysis of the
place of the war in European affairs, in the context of
twentieth-century revolutionary civil wars.
This is the first account in any language of the civil wars in
Europe during the era of the world wars, from 1905 to 1949. It
treats the initial confrontations in the decade before World War I,
the confusing concept of European civil war, the impact of the
world wars, the relation between revolution and civil war, and all
the individual cases of civil war, with special attention to Russia
and Spain. The civil wars of this era are compared and contrasted
with earlier internal conflicts, with particular attention to the
factors that made this era a time of unusually violent domestic
contests, as well as those that brought it to an end. The major
political, ideological, and social influences are all treated, with
a special focus on violence against civilians.
"This is the first account in any language of the civil wars in
Europe during the era of the world wars, from 1905 to 1949. It
treats the initial confrontations in the decade before World War I,
the confusing concept of "European civil war," the impact of the
world wars, the relation between revolution and civil war, and all
the individual cases of civil war, with special attention to Russia
and Spain. The civil wars of this era are compared and contrasted
with earlier internal conflicts, with particular attention to the
factors that made this era a time of unusually violent domestic
contests, as well as those that brought it to an end. The major
political, ideological, and social influences are all treated, with
a special focus on violence against civilians"--
In this compelling book Stanley G. Payne offers the first
comprehensive narrative of Soviet and Communist intervention in the
revolution and civil war in Spain. He documents in unprecedented
detail Soviet strategies, Comintern activities, and the role of the
Communist party in Spain from the early 1930s to the end of the
civil war in 1939. Drawing on a very broad range of Soviet and
Spanish primary sources, including many only recently available,
Payne changes our understanding of Soviet and Communist intentions
in Spain, of Stalin's decision to intervene in the Spanish war, of
the widely accepted characterization of the conflict as the
struggle of fascism against democracy, and of the claim that
Spain's war constituted the opening round of World War II. The
author arrives at a new view of the Spanish Civil War and concludes
not only that the Democratic Republic had many undemocratic
components but also that the position of the Communist party was by
no means counterrevolutionary
Can there ever be justice for the Holocaust? During the
1990s--triggered by lawsuits in the United States against Swiss
banks, German corporations, insurance companies, and owners of
valuable works of art--claimants and their lawyers sought to
rectify terrible wrongs committed more than a half century earlier.
"Some Measure of Justice" explores this most recent wave of
justice-seeking for the Holocaust: what it has been, why it emerged
when it did, how it fits with earlier reparation to the Jewish
people, its significance for the historical representation of the
Holocaust, and its implications for justice-seeking in our
time.
Writings on the subject of Holocaust reparations have largely come
from participants, lawyers, philosophers, journalists, and social
scientists specializing in restitution. In "Some Measure of
Justice" Michael Marrus takes up the issue as a historian deeply
involved with legal issues. He engages with larger questions about
historical understanding and historical interpretation as they
enter the legal arena. Ultimately this book asks, What constitutes
justice for a great historic wrong? And, Is such justice possible?
Winner, Helen and Stan Vine Canadian Jewish Book Award for
Holocaust Literature
This book focuses on the short but crucial period that led to the
collapse of the Spanish Republic and set the stage for the ensuing
civil war. Stanley G. Payne, an internationally known scholar of
modern Spanish history, details the political shifts that occurred
from 1933 to 1936 and examines the actions and inactions of key
actors during these years. Using their own memoirs, speeches, and
declarations, he challenges previous perceptions of various major
players, including President Alcalá Zamora.  The breakdown
of political coalitions and the internal rifts between Spain’s
bourgeois and labor classes sparked many instances of violent
dissent in the mid-1930s. The book addresses the election of 1933
and the destabilizing insurrection that followed, Alcalá Zamora's
failed attempts to control the major parties, and the backlash that
resulted. The alliances of the socialist left with communism
and the right with fascism are also explored, as is the role of
forces outside Spain in spurring the violence that eventually
exploded into war.  Â
Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, by celebrated historian Stanley G.
Payne, is the first comprehensive history of Spanish Fascism to
appear in any language. This authoritative study offers treatment
of all the major doctrines, personalities, and defining features of
the Spanish fascist movement, from its beginnings until the death
of General Francisco Franco in 1977.
Payne describes and analyzes the development of the Falangist
party both prior to and during the Spanish Civil War, presenting a
detailed analysis of its transformation into the state party of the
Franco regime -- Falange Espanola Tradicionalista -- as well as its
ultimate conversion into the pseudofascist Movimiento Nacional.
Particular attention is devoted to the crucial years 1939-1942,
when the Falangists endeavored to expand their influence and
convert the Franco regime into a fully fascist system. Fascism in
Spain helps us to understand the personality of Franco, the way in
which he handled conflict within the regime, and the reasons for
the long survival of his rule. Payne concludes with the first full
inquiry into the process of "defascistization, " which began with
the fall of Mussolini in 1943 and extended through the Franco
regime's later efforts to transform the party into a more viable
political entity.
The significance of Spain's Second Republic has been largely
overshadowed by the cataclysmic Civil War that immediately followed
it. Stanley Payne brings his knowledge of Spanish history to bear
on the five-year span of the Second Republic as an historic entity
in its own right. In ""Spain's First Democracy"", he argues that
the Republic was one of the major national attempts at political
democratisation and reform in Europe between the World Wars and
represented the most important effort to swim against the tide
during Europe's era of fascism. Payne's study places the Republic
within the historical framework of Spanish liberalism and the rapid
modernisation of inter-war Europe, which was unlike any other
period in Spain's history. Payne discusses the Republicans' efforts
to establish Spain's first democratic political systems and to
institute major reforms within the Republic. In highlighting
reforms in politics and government, education and culture, public
works, military affairs, and society as a whole, he assesses the
successes and failures of these reforms as well as the reasons for
their limitations. He also examines the economic and foreign policy
issues of the period. Focusing particularly on political conflict
and social cleavage, Payne explores the sources and character of
the political polarisation that developed as a result of the
assaults on the Republic from the Left and the Right. He identifies
the main political actors in this schism and their role in the
eventual breakdown of the Republic. Tracing the progressive
collapse of the Republican polity in the first half of 1936, Payne
stresses the importance of political violence in the democracy's
downfall. In restoring perspectives that have been ignored or
bypassed, Payne aims to present a consistent and detailed
interpretation of Spain's Second Republic, demonstrating its
striking parallels to the Weimar Republic in Germany.
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