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This book develops a new energetic/thermodynamic basis for the
cyclic nature of civilizations. The growth of a civilization is due
to the ability of the civilization to acquire and utilize resources
for growth. The theory developed turns out to be identical to
Blaha's previously developed theory, which successfully matches the
history of 50+ civilizations. The energetic/thermodynamic theory
appears in studies of superorganisms such as ant and bee colonies
as well as other organisms including colonies of microbes. It also
appears in theories of predator-prey populations such as wolves and
rabbits. The consideration of superorganisms, predator-prey
population cyclicity, and human civilization cyclicity suggests
that there is an underlying unity in Nature in the growth of large
groups of organisms and leads to the conclusion that civilizations
are superorganisms. Thus this new model of civilizations is called
SuperCivilizations. The book begins by overviewing superorganisms
including some exciting new evidence for microbial superorganisms
on land and in the deep sea. Subsequently we discuss almost all of
the known human civilizations within the framework of this theory.
We also consider the Richardson theory of arms races and show that
Richardson's equations are identical to those of our
energetic/thermodynamic model of civilization dynamics. With a
suitable choice of parameters the arms race theory has cyclic
solutions (as well as the exponential solutions studied by
Richardson) that describe the dynamics of armaments growth in the
United States - Russia confrontations from 1981 - 2010. The book
also describes a program for the exploration and the colonization
of the Solar System and a new means of travel to the stars and
galaxies with a view towards the development of a space
civilization. The probable effects on contemporary human
civilizations of meeting an alien civilization are also described
in detail. Because of a close analogy with Newtonian dynamics, and
realizing that chance plays a major role in human history, the book
also develops a probabilistic theory of civilization dynamics. The
cyclic theory of civilizations is also generalized to a
civilization theory for populations with three interconnected
population segments: a dominant minority/leadership, followers, and
external immigrants. This generalized theory leads to the cyclic
theory of civilizations under reasonable conditions.
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