This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications IMAGE MODELS (AND THEIR SPEECH MODEL COUSINS) is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was an integral part of the 1993-94 IMA program on "Emerging Applications of Probability." We thank Stephen E. Levinson and Larry Shepp for organizing the workshop and for editing the proceedings. We also take this opportunity to thank the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office, and the National Security Agency, whose financial support made the workshop possible. A vner Friedman Willard Miller, Jr. v PREFACE This volume is an attempt to explore the interface between two diverse areas of applied mathematics that are both "customers" of the maximum likelihood methodology: emission tomography (on the one hand) and hid den Markov models as an approach to speech understanding (on the other hand). There are other areas where maximum likelihood is used, some of which are represented in this volume: parsing of text (Jelinek), microstruc ture of materials (Ji), and DNA sequencing (Nelson). Most of the partici pants were in the main areas of speech or emission density reconstruction. Of course, there are many other areas where maximum likelihood is used that are not represented here."

This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications IMAGE MODELS (AND THEIR SPEECH MODEL COUSINS) is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was an integral part of the 1993-94 IMA program on "Emerging Applications of Probability." We thank Stephen E. Levinson and Larry Shepp for organizing the workshop and for editing the proceedings. We also take this opportunity to thank the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office, and the National Security Agency, whose financial support made the workshop possible. A vner Friedman Willard Miller, Jr. v PREFACE This volume is an attempt to explore the interface between two diverse areas of applied mathematics that are both "customers" of the maximum likelihood methodology: emission tomography (on the one hand) and hid den Markov models as an approach to speech understanding (on the other hand). There are other areas where maximum likelihood is used, some of which are represented in this volume: parsing of text (Jelinek), microstruc ture of materials (Ji), and DNA sequencing (Nelson). Most of the partici pants were in the main areas of speech or emission density reconstruction. Of course, there are many other areas where maximum likelihood is used that are not represented here."

This book addresses the problem of articulatory speech synthesis based on computed vocal tract geometries and the basic physics of sound production in it. Unlike conventional methods based on analysis/synthesis using the well-known source filter model, which assumes the independence of the excitation and filter, we treat the entire vocal apparatus as one mechanical system that produces sound by means of fluid dynamics. The vocal apparatus is represented as a three-dimensional time-varying mechanism and the sound propagation inside it is due to the non-planar propagation of acoustic waves through a viscous, compressible fluid described by the Navier-Stokes equations. We propose a combined minimum energy and minimum jerk criterion to compute the dynamics of the vocal tract during articulation. Theoretical error bounds and experimental results show that this method obtains a close match to the phonetic target positions while avoiding abrupt changes in the articulatory trajectory. The vocal folds are set into aerodynamic oscillation by the flow of air from the lungs. The modulated air stream then excites the moving vocal tract. This method shows strong evidence for source-filter interaction. Based on our results, we propose that the articulatory speech production model has the potential to synthesize speech and provide a compact parameterization of the speech signal that can be useful in a wide variety of speech signal processing problems. Table of Contents: Introduction / Literature Review / Estimation of Dynamic Articulatory Parameters / Construction of Articulatory Model Based on MRI Data / Vocal Fold Excitation Models / Experimental Results of Articulatory Synthesis / Conclusion

Mark Wahlberg and Brie Larson star in this American crime drama directed by Rupert Wyatt. The film follows privileged literature professor and high stakes gambler Jim Bennett (Wahlberg) as he embarks on a relationship with his student Amy (Larson) while running up huge amounts of debt to numerous casino owners and gangsters. The supporting cast includes Jessica Lange as Bennett's mother Roberta, John Goodman as paternally inclined lender Frank, and Michael K. Williams as loan shark Neville Baraka.

All 36 episodes from the first three seasons of the Golden Globe-winning HBO period drama set during the 1920s Prohibition era. Atlantic County Treasurer Enoch 'Nucky' Thompson (Steve Buscemi) sets up a bootlegging business, hoping to get rich. As he progresses in his venture he crosses paths with politicians and mobsters alike but his lavish lifestyle soon leads the federal government to grow suspicious of his activities. Among the show's executive producers are its creator, 'The Sopranos' writer Terence Winter, and Martin Scorsese, who also directed the pilot. Season 1 episodes comprise: 'Boardwalk Empire', 'The Ivory Tower', 'Broadway Limited', 'Anastasia', 'Nights in Ballygran', 'Family Limitation', 'Home', 'Hold Me in Paradise', 'Belle Femme', 'The Emerald City', 'Paris Green' and 'A Return to Normalcy'. Season 2 episodes comprise: '21', 'Ourselves Alone', 'A Dangerous Mind', 'What Does the Bee Do?', 'Gimcrack and Bunkum', 'The Age of Reason', 'Peg of Old', 'Two Boats and a Lifeguard', 'Battle of the Century', 'Georgia Peaches', 'Under God's Power She Flourishes' and 'To the Lost'. Season 3 episodes comprise: 'Resolution', 'Spaghetti and Coffee', 'Bone for Tuna', 'Blue Bell Boy', 'You'd Be Surprised', 'Ging Gang Goolie', 'Sunday Best', 'The Pony', 'The Milkmaid's Lot', 'A Man, a Plan...', 'Two Imposters' and 'Margate Sands'.

Recent years have seen a revolution in our knowledge of how children learn to think and speak. In this volume, leading scholars from these rapidly evolving fields of research examine the relationship between child language acquisition and cognitive development, bringing two vital strands of investigation into close dialog. The book explains important new ideas about how language acquisition interacts with the process of early cognition, providing original empirical contributions based on a variety of languages, populations and ages as well as theoretical discussions that bridge psychology, linguistics and anthropology.

Recent years have seen a revolution in our knowledge of how children learn to think and speak. In this volume, leading scholars from these rapidly evolving fields of research examine the relationship between child language acquisition and cognitive development, bringing two vital strands of investigation into close dialog. The book explains important new ideas about how language acquisition interacts with the process of early cognition, providing original empirical contributions based on a variety of languages, populations and ages as well as theoretical discussions that bridge psychology, linguistics and anthropology.

The complete seventh season of the US comedy drama following the celebrity life of Hollywood star Vincent Chase (Adrian Grenier) and his friends. In this season, Vince makes rash life choices after surviving a car crash on the set of his new movie, Turtle (Jerry Ferrara) takes on a new business venture, problems at work cause Ari (Jeremy Piven)'s marriage to suffer and Drama (Kevin Dillon) gets a new job offer but is reluctant to get on board. Guest stars in this season include Aaron Sorkin, Sasha Grey, Mark Wahlberg and Eminem. Episodes comprise: 'Stunted', 'Buzzed', 'Dramedy', 'Tequila Sunrise', 'Bottoms Up', 'Hair', 'Tequila and Coke', 'Sniff Sniff Gang Bang', 'Porn Scenes from an Italian Restaurant' and 'Lose Yourself'.

Mark Wahlberg and Brie Larson star in this American crime drama directed by Rupert Wyatt. The film follows privileged literature professor and high stakes gambler Jim Bennett (Wahlberg) as he embarks on a relationship with his student Amy (Larson) while running up huge amounts of debt to numerous casino owners and gangsters. The supporting cast includes Jessica Lange as Bennett's mother Roberta, John Goodman as paternally inclined lender Frank, and Michael K. Williams as loan shark Neville Baraka.

Doug Ellin, creator of the TV show, directs this feature film that follows on from the last season. Adrian Grenier stars as actor Vincent Chase, who, with the financial backing of former agent and newly-appointed studio head Ari Gold (Jeremy Piven), is able to make his directorial debut. Ari encounters problems, however, when the film goes over budget, while Vincent takes his usual carefree approach to the situation. He is supported by his entourage - his half brother Johnny 'Drama' Chase (Kevin Dillon) and friends Salvatore 'Turtle' Assante (Jerry Ferrara) and Eric Murphy (Kevin Connolly), who is also Vincent's manager. The rest of the cast includes Billy Bob Thornton, Emmanuelle Chriqui and Haley Joel Osment with cameo appearances by, among others, Jessica Alba, Liam Neeson, Armie Hammer, Calvin Harris, Ronda Rousey and Mark Wahlberg.