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Planning Armageddon provides the first detailed account of
Britain's Command, Control, Intelligence and Communications
infrastructure. A central theme of the book is the British-American
atomic relationship and its implications for NATO strategy. Based
on the recollections of officials and military officers in both
Britain and the United States and employing recently declassified
government documents, Planning Armageddon presents a systematic
analysis of British involvement in nuclear planning from Hiroshima
to the development of Polaris. At the same time, it provides an
important examination of the operational weaknesses of the British
nuclear deterrent and the potential hazards presented by
unwarranted secrecy.
This volume examines British policy towards the Soviet Union in the
aftermath of the invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. The
documents in this volume, many released into the public realm for
the first time, describe the development of British policy towards
the Soviet Union during the eventful years 1979-1982. The new
Conservative government, under Margaret Thatcher, was determined to
strengthen British defences against the perceived Soviet threat and
advocated a strong response to the Soviet intervention. East-West
relations further deteriorated following the imposition of martial
law in Poland in December 1981. The dilemma facing the British
government was how to express strong disapproval of Soviet actions
while still attempting to maintain a constructive bilateral
relationship, and at the same time keep British policy in line with
the Western Alliance. The death of President Brezhnev in November
1982, after 18 years in office, brought uncertainty but also new
opportunities for relations with the Soviets. This book will be of
much interest to students of British politics and foreign policy,
Russian history, US foreign policy, Central Asian politics, and IR
in general.
This volume examines British policy towards the Soviet Union in the
aftermath of the invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. The
documents in this volume, many released into the public realm for
the first time, describe the development of British policy towards
the Soviet Union during the eventful years 1979-1982. The new
Conservative government, under Margaret Thatcher, was determined to
strengthen British defences against the perceived Soviet threat and
advocated a strong response to the Soviet intervention. East-West
relations further deteriorated following the imposition of martial
law in Poland in December 1981. The dilemma facing the British
government was how to express strong disapproval of Soviet actions
while still attempting to maintain a constructive bilateral
relationship, and at the same time keep British policy in line with
the Western Alliance. The death of President Brezhnev in November
1982, after 18 years in office, brought uncertainty but also new
opportunities for relations with the Soviets. This book will be of
much interest to students of British politics and foreign policy,
Russian history, US foreign policy, Central Asian politics, and IR
in general.
Biography of Diana, Princess of Wales in the words of her favourite
body-mind therapist, masseur Stephen Twigg. Diana: Her
Transformation tells the story of who the People's Princess was in
the words of the man who was a participant in her transformation
from unhappy young woman, suffering from depression, bulimia and
thoughts of suicide, to powerful figure on the world stage who was
able to challenge governments and cause a royal dynasty to bow to
the wishes of a nation. This book which makes all the others clear
and explains who Diana was not just what she did.
From the destruction of Hiroshima to the conclusion of the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968, the international community
struggled to halt the nuclear arms race and to prevent the
annihilation of humanity. This study offers an accessible and
authoritative account of European policy in this critical dimension
of world politics. How much influence did Europeans exert in
Washington? Why were European objectives often at variance with
U.S. expectations? To what extent did differing national agendas on
non-proliferation cause friction within the Western Alliance?
Schrafstetter and Twigge examine five initiatives designed to
prevent or restrain the nuclear arms race: the international
option, the commercial option, the moral option, the multilateral
option, and the legal option. Their conclusions show the extent to
which non-proliferation policy dominated European politics and the
transatlantic relationship. The international option focuses on
early UN plans for international control of atomic energy
(1946-48). The commercial option assesses the influence of
Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace proposal of 1953 and the impact of
civil nuclear power. The moral option charts international attempts
to outlaw the testing of nuclear weapons, resulting in the 1963
Partial Test Ban Treaty. The multilateral option discusses the role
of collective nuclear forces in addressing West German demands for
nuclear equality within NATO. The legal option explores British,
French, and West German attitudes to nuclear disarmament and charts
the international drive to stop the spread of nuclear weapons
culminating in the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968.
Throughout the analysis, attention isfocused on the role of the
European powers and their influence on both Washington and Moscow.
The procedures and plans governing the use of Britain's nuclear
weapons are fundamental to our understanding of British defence
policy. Throughout the Cold War, questions relating to when, where
and how British nuclear weapons would ever be used remained hidden
from public scrutiny. In addressing these questions, this volume
provides a detailed account of Britain's command, control,
communications and intelligence infrastructure. A central theme of
the book is the British-American atomic relationship and its
implications for NATO strategy. Based on the recollections of
officials and military officers in both Britain and the USA, and
employing declassified government documents, the work presents a
systematic analysis of British involvement in nuclear planning from
Hiroshima to the development of Polaris. At the same time, it
provides an examination of the operational weaknesses of the
British nuclear deterrent and the potential hazards presented by
unwarranted secrecy.
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