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Biofilms are implicated in many common medical problems including
urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear
infections, dental plaque, gingivitis, and some less common but
more lethal processes such as endocarditis and infections in cystic
fibrosis. However, the true importance of biofilms in the overall
process of disease pathogenesis has only recently been recognized.
Bacterial biofilms are one of the fundamental reasons for incipient
wound healing failure in that they may impair natural cutaneous
wound healing and reduce topical antimicrobial efficiency in
infected skin wounds. Their existence explains many of the enigmas
of microbial infection and a better grasp of the process may well
serve to establish a different approach to infection control and
management. Biofilms and their associated complications have been
found to be involved in up to 80% of all infections. A large number
of studies targeted at the bacterial biofilms have been conducted,
and many of them are referred to in this book, which is the first
of its kind. These clinical observations emphasize the importance
of biofilm formation to both superficial and systemic infections,
and the inability of current antimicrobial therapies to 'cure' the
resulting diseases even when the in vitro tests suggest that they
should be fully effective. In veterinary medicine the concept of
biofilms and their role in the pathogenesis of disease has lagged
seriously behind that in human medicine. This is all the more
extraordinary when one considers that much of the research has been
carried out using veterinary species in experimental situations.
The clinical features of biofilms in human medicine is certainly
mimicked in the veterinary species but there is an inherent and
highly regrettable indifference to the failure of antimicrobial
therapy in many veterinary disease situations, and this is probably
at its most retrograde in veterinary wound management. Biofilms and
Veterinary Medicine is specifically focused on discussing the
concerns of biofilms to health and disease in animals and provides
a definitive text for veterinary practitioners, medical and
veterinary students, and researchers.
Theworld'spopulationisestimatedtoreach8.
9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder.
Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe
'deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife',butforthepurposeof
this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of
growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment.
Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis
enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe
ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater
propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in
elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.
Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are
poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut
studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting
signi?cancetothehost.
Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon
thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost
thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease?
Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor
severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby
reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival
ofbene? cialbacteria?
Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody
andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson
ageingtheorieswithChap.
2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis
isaffectedduringageing.
Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith
anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits
associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap.
6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly.
Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host
defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the
in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits
associatedimmunity.
Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium
andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts
of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is
reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13.
The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology
ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition.
Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof
andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle.
Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1
AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2
IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG.
ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39
KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4
SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57
LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5
LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6
In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7
ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131
RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153
EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO',butforthepurposeof this book,
ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older.
Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment.
Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis
enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe
ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater
propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in
elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.
Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are
poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut
studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting
signi?cancetothehost.
Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon
thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost
thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease?
Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor
severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby
reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival
ofbene?cialbacteria?
Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody
andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson
ageingtheorieswithChap.
2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis
isaffectedduringageing.
Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith
anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits
associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap.
6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly.
Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host
defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the
in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits
associatedimmunity.
Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium
andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts
of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is
reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13.
The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology
ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition.
Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof
andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle.
Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1
AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2
IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG.
ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39
KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4
SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57
LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5
LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6
In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7
ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131
RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...1 53
EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO'Mahony 9
AGutReaction:AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity ...175 JosephF.
AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut...223
SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11
TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition
andtheHygieneHypothesis...263 StevenL. Percival 12
ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut...275 StevenL. Percival 13
MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood ...291 StevenL. Percival
14 DecompositionofHumanRemains...313 RobertC. Janaway,StevenL.
Percival,andAndrewS. Wilson Index ...335 Contributors JosephF.
Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical
Medicine, The George
WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA JuliaW.
Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical
Medicine, The George
WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA
LeslieBaumann,MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter,MiamiBeach,FL,USA
SarahConnor,MSc
DepartmentofMicrobiology,LeedsGeneralIn?rmary,Leeds,UK
CaterinaHatzifoti,PhD
UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK
AndrewW. Heath,PhD
UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK
RobertC.
Biofilms are implicated in many common medical problems including
urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear
infections, dental plaque, gingivitis, and some less common but
more lethal processes such as endocarditis and infections in cystic
fibrosis. However, the true importance of biofilms in the overall
process of disease pathogenesis has only recently been recognized.
Bacterial biofilms are one of the fundamental reasons for incipient
wound healing failure in that they may impair natural cutaneous
wound healing and reduce topical antimicrobial efficiency in
infected skin wounds. Their existence explains many of the enigmas
of microbial infection and a better grasp of the process may well
serve to establish a different approach to infection control and
management. Biofilms and their associated complications have been
found to be involved in up to 80% of all infections. A large number
of studies targeted at the bacterial biofilms have been conducted,
and many of them are referred to in this book, which is the first
of its kind. These clinical observations emphasize the importance
of biofilm formation to both superficial and systemic infections,
and the inability of current antimicrobial therapies to 'cure' the
resulting diseases even when the in vitro tests suggest that they
should be fully effective. In veterinary medicine the concept of
biofilms and their role in the pathogenesis of disease has lagged
seriously behind that in human medicine. This is all the more
extraordinary when one considers that much of the research has been
carried out using veterinary species in experimental situations.
The clinical features of biofilms in human medicine is certainly
mimicked in the veterinary species but there is an inherent and
highly regrettable indifference to the failure of antimicrobial
therapy in many veterinary disease situations, and this is probably
at its most retrograde in veterinary wound management. Biofilms and
Veterinary Medicine is specifically focused on discussing the
concerns of biofilms to health and disease in animals and provides
a definitive text for veterinary practitioners, medical and
veterinary students, and researchers.
Theworld'spopulationisestimatedtoreach8.
9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder.
Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe
'deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife',butforthepurposeof
this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of
growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment.
Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis
enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe
ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater
propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in
elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.
Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are
poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut
studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting
signi?cancetothehost.
Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon
thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost
thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease?
Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor
severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby
reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival
ofbene? cialbacteria?
Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody
andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson
ageingtheorieswithChap.
2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis
isaffectedduringageing.
Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith
anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits
associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap.
6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly.
Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host
defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the
in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits
associatedimmunity.
Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium
andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts
of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is
reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13.
The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology
ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition.
Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof
andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle.
Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1
AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2
IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG.
ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39
KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4
SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57
LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5
LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6
In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7
ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131
RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153
EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO',butforthepurposeof this book,
ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older.
Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment.
Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis
enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe
ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater
propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in
elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection.
Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are
poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut
studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting
signi?cancetothehost.
Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon
thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost
thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease?
Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor
severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby
reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival
ofbene?cialbacteria?
Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody
andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson
ageingtheorieswithChap.
2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis
isaffectedduringageing.
Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith
anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits
associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap.
6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly.
Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host
defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the
in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits
associatedimmunity.
Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium
andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts
of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is
reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13.
The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology
ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition.
Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof
andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle.
Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1
AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2
IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG.
ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39
KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4
SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57
LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5
LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6
In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7
ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131
RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...1 53
EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO'Mahony 9
AGutReaction:AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity ...175 JosephF.
AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut...223
SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11
TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition
andtheHygieneHypothesis...263 StevenL. Percival 12
ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut...275 StevenL. Percival 13
MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood ...291 StevenL. Percival
14 DecompositionofHumanRemains...313 RobertC. Janaway,StevenL.
Percival,andAndrewS. Wilson Index ...335 Contributors JosephF.
Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical
Medicine, The George
WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA JuliaW.
Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical
Medicine, The George
WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA
LeslieBaumann,MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter,MiamiBeach,FL,USA
SarahConnor,MSc
DepartmentofMicrobiology,LeedsGeneralIn?rmary,Leeds,UK
CaterinaHatzifoti,PhD
UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK
AndrewW. Heath,PhD
UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK
RobertC.
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