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Public finance is crucial to a country's economic growth, yet
successful reform of public finances has been rare. Ethiopia is an
example of a country that undertook comprehensive reform of its
core financial systems, independent of the IMF and the World Bank,
and successfully transformed itself into one of the fastest-growing
economies in Africa. With Ethiopia's twelve-year reform as its
guiding case study, this book presents new analytical frameworks to
help governments develop better financial reforms. It shows in
detail how four core financial systems-budgeting, accounting,
planning, and financial information systems-can be reformed. One of
the principal findings presented is that governments must establish
basic public financial administration before moving to more
sophisticated public financial management. Other key findings
include the identification of four strategies of reform (recognize,
improve, change, and sustain), the centrality of ongoing learning
to the process of reform, and the importance of government
ownership of reform. This book will be of interest to researchers
and policymakers concerned with public finance, developmental
economics, and African studies.
Public finance is crucial to a country's economic growth, yet
successful reform of public finances has been rare. Ethiopia is an
example of a country that undertook comprehensive reform of its
core financial systems, independent of the IMF and the World Bank,
and successfully transformed itself into one of the fastest-growing
economies in Africa. With Ethiopia's twelve-year reform as its
guiding case study, this book presents new analytical frameworks to
help governments develop better financial reforms. It shows in
detail how four core financial systems-budgeting, accounting,
planning, and financial information systems-can be reformed. One of
the principal findings presented is that governments must establish
basic public financial administration before moving to more
sophisticated public financial management. Other key findings
include the identification of four strategies of reform (recognize,
improve, change, and sustain), the centrality of ongoing learning
to the process of reform, and the importance of government
ownership of reform. This book will be of interest to researchers
and policymakers concerned with public finance, developmental
economics, and African studies.
Seven decades of the intense Steelers-Browns rivalry.Football
historians regard the games between the Cleveland Browns and the
Pittsburgh Steelers as the basis for one of the greatest rivalries
in NFL history. Authors Richard Peterson and Stephen Peterson, in
telling the engaging story of these teams who play only a two-hour
drive along the turnpike from each other, explore the reasons
behind this intense rivalry and the details of its ups and downs
for each team and its fans. The early rivalry was a tale of Browns
dominance and Steelers ineptitude. In the 1950s and 1960s, the
Browns-led by Hall of Famers ranging from Otto Graham and Marion
Motley in the 1950s to Jim Brown, Bobby Mitchell, and Leroy Kelly
in the 1960s-won 32 of the first 40 games played against the
Steelers. In the 1970s, the Steelers-led by Terry Bradshaw, Franco
Harris, and the Steel Curtain-finally turned things around. When
the AFL and NFL merged in 1970, Art Rooney agreed to move the
Steelers only if the Browns also moved into the AFC and played in
the same division so that their rivalry would be preserved. Despite
the fierce rivalry, these cities and their fans have much in
common, most notably the working-class nature of the Steeler Nation
and the Dawg Pound and their passion, over the decades, for their
football teams. Many fans are able to regularly making the 130-mile
trip to watch the games. From the first game on October 7, 1950,
where Cleveland defeated the Steelers 30-17, to last season's
infamous helmet incident with Mason Rudolph and Myles Garrett, the
rivalry remains as intense as ever.
This book challenges the conventional idea of what constitutes the
physical form of the contemporary city. Observing the absence of
extended urban fabrics - the missing urbanism - in the new global
cities developed today, it argues that these cities are merely
statistical accumulations of density that lack the positive
attributes of a genuine urban condition. Cities as urban places
cannot be made by individual buildings alone but rather depend on
the intertwined combination of an architecture that is bound to the
creation of public spaces and streets, and engaged in the structure
of urban blocks to form a complex field pattern of interactive
solids and voids. Broad in scope, the book explores the nature of
the fundamental relationship between architecture and urbanism as
one of spatial formation. As an independently designed entity, the
city forms the ordering framework in which architecture is
partially subordinated to the mutual sustainability of the overall
urban fabric. If a new urban architecture is to be an integral
constituent of public place making, it must be composed using a
radically different paradigm of positive, figurally constructed
'space' rather than the indefinite background of 'anti-space' as
exemplified in the chapter on Mies van der Rohe's architectural
quest for the ineffable modern void. These two different spatial
models are explored in depth in the eponymous article, 'Space and
Anti Space,' first published in the Harvard Architectural Review in
1980, which forms the core of the book and postulates that the
underlying attitudes toward spatial formation, at both domestic and
urban scales, determine our ability to shape place and human
experience. In a series of essays, articles and urban projects
extensively illustrated by plans, analytic diagrams, and dramatic
images, this book makes a visual and verbal argument for the steps
that need to be taken to re-urbanise the city in order to achieve
an urbanity consisting of multiple discrete places that depend on
the essential concept of contained geometrical space. These spatial
ideas are illustrated in this book in three proposals: for Rome, in
'Roma Interrotta,' 1979; Paris, the 'Consultation Internationale
pour L'Amenagement du Quartier des Halles,' 1980; and New York in
the 'World Trade Center Site Innovative Design Study,' 2002.
In the deciding game of the 1992 National League Championship
Series against the Atlanta Braves, the Pittsburgh Pirates suffered
the most dramatic and devastating loss in team history when former
Pirate Sid Bream slid home with the winning run. Bream's infamous
slide ended the last game played by Barry Bonds in a Pirates
uniform and sent the franchise reeling into a record twenty-season
losing streak. The Slide tells the story of the myriad events,
beginning with the aftermath of the 1979 World Series, which led to
the fated 1992 championship game and beyond. It describes the
city's near loss of the team in 1985 and the major influence of Syd
Thrift and Jim Leyland in developing a dysfunctional team into a
division champion. The book gives detailed accounts of the 1990,
1991, and 1992 division championship seasons, the critical role
played by Kevin McClatchy in saving the franchise in 1996, and
summarizes the twenty losing seasons before the Pirates finally
broke the curse of "the slide" in 2013, with their first playoff
appearance since 1992.
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