This book provides a synthesis of research findings, in terms of strategic knowledge outcomes regarding emergence of recent regional climate signals, implications for impacts assessment, and mitigation and adaptation response, relevant in the Indian context. The first part discusses evidence of climate change and its underlying scientific processes across India, chiefly focusing on impacts that are already visible and attributable to anthropogenic activities. The latter part deals with the responses to climate change, highlighting the mitigation and adaptation strategies in various sectors and communities. The book presents a concise interpretation, distilling practical recommendations and policy prescriptions at national and sub-national levels. It serves as a reference point for understanding scientific advances and persisting uncertainty, future vulnerability and response capacity of interlinked human and natural systems, pertaining to India. It is an excellent resource for policy makers and industry watchers in addition to the research fraternity.

Uncertainty due to randomness of hydraulic and hydrologic variables is modeled when probability distributions of the parameters may be estimated. Uncertainties due to imprecision in the management problem may be addressed by use of the fuzzy sets theory. In addition, some parameters in most of the water resources and environmental systems need to be addressed as grey parameters, due to inadequate data for an accurate estimation but with known extreme bounds of the parameter values. Such grey uncertainty in the model parameters can be addressed by representing them as interval grey numbers, a closed and bounded interval with known lower and upper bounds but unknown distribution information. Considerable research works are available on uncertainty modeling addressing stochastic nature of different input parameters, and uncertainty due to imprecision in various components of a water management problem. Most parameters involved in the optimization model are, however, also uncertain and such uncertainty has so far not been considered in different optimization models for water resources and environmental systems. This book aims to bridge this gap.