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With longevity and declining fertility rates, the population of
older persons (60 years and above) is globally growing faster than
the general population. The percentage of the elderly in India for
example has been growing at an increasing rate in recent years and
the trend is likely to continue in the coming decades. The share of
population over the age of 60 years is projected to increase from 8
percent in 2015 to 19 percent in 2050. By the end of the century,
the elderly will constitute nearly 34 percent of the total
population in the country. In this book we aimed to identify
trajectories of health and their associations with lifestyle
factors in a nationally representative cohort study of middle-aged
and older Indians. We discuss self-rated health status, age
discrimination, major injuries, recurrent falls, perceived everyday
discrimination, elder abuse, hypertension, diabetes, angina
pectoris, stroke, arthritis, back pain or problems, oral health
problems, cataract, edentulism, hearing loss, tobacco use, alcohol
use, loneliness, health care discrimination, weight discrimination,
religiosity and well-being. We hope that the findings may aid
public policy and programmes for middle-aged and older adults in
India.
This book provides an overview of health behaviour intervention
priorities in LMICs. It covers the most important health risks or
problems in LMICs including childhood and maternal under-nutrition,
other diet-related risk factors and physical inactivity, sexual and
reproductive health, addictive substances, road traffic injury and
violence, common mental health risk, parasitic infections and
environmental risks. For all these health risks, health behaviour
interventions are comprehensively described, with application to
LMICs.
This book is dedicated to all healthcare professionals who have
dedicated their life to serve humanity and those who are
continuosly faced with a great task of making quality healthcare
decisions. Relationships have been reported between job
satisfaction, productivity, absenteeism and turnover among
healthcare employees and as such it affects employees'
organizational commitment and the quality of healthcare services.
Satisfaction with one's job can affect not only motivation at work
but also career decisions, relationship with others and personal
health. Those who are working in a profession that is extremely
demanding and sometimes unpredictable can be susceptible to
feelings of uncertainty and reduced job satisfaction. Job
satisfaction is also an essential part of ensuring high quality
care.
Psychological distress is a set of painful mental and physical
symptoms that are associated with normal fluctuations of mood. In
some cases, however, psychological distress may indicate the
beginning of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder,
schizophrenia, somatisation disorder, or a variety of other
clinical conditions. In this book, the prevalence and correlates of
psychological distress, including issues in relation to bullying
victimisation, poly-victimisation, obesogenic behaviour, ideal
cardiovascular health behaviour, and HIV status, were studied in 19
countries. The results will inform researchers and readers of the
relevance of school and youth mental health programs and related
policies targeting psychological well-being in the adolescent
population.
The vast majority of non-biomedical research on HIV/AIDS has been
behavioural research, usually by survey methods, counting people's
sex acts, partners, preferences, places, times and reasons for sex,
and assessing levels of risk for HIV infection, revealing the
dominance of seeing sex largely as behaviours. However, the notion
of behaviours denudes sex of all meaning and pleasure. It neglects,
as a result, how meaning and pleasure rely on context, how context
exemplifies culture, and how culture is structured by history and
discourse. When we drive our understanding of the epidemic by
behaviours alone, we fail to comprehend that many of the social
determinants of behaviour lie beyond the conscious apprehension of
immediate acts and volitions, i.e. sexual behaviours are socially
embedded practices. If we fail to understand the determinants of
HIV risk and vulnerability as profoundly social- and by social is
meant relational, contextual, cultural, political, economic,
historical, symbolic and discursive- we fail to understand best how
to intervene. Also, in such behavioural surveys, we are often
concerned more with the sex of the sexual partner than the meaning
of sex without a condom or an understanding of which circumstances
within a sexual economy structure risk as, say, pleasure or
intimacy, or social membership or an act of self-actualisation.
Research undertaken in the mid-1990s among young people in seven
developing countries revealed the importance of changing sexual
meanings, sexual cultures and sexual identities in the patterns of
sexual activity, forms of partnering, and meanings of sexual safety
for young people within rapidly changing cultures.
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