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This book reports on the development of nanostructured
metal-oxide-based electrode materials for use in water
purification. The removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals
from wastewater is a growing environmental and societal priority.
This book thus focuses primarily on new techniques to modify the
nanostructural properties of various solvent-electrolyte
combinations to address these issues. Water treatment is becoming
more and more challenging due to the ever increasing complexity of
the pollutants present, requiring alternative and complementary
approaches toward the removal of toxic chemicals, heavy metals and
micro-organisms, to name a few. This contributed volume cuts across
the fields of electrochemistry, water science, materials science,
and nanotechnology, while presenting up-to-date experimental
results on the properties and synthesis of metal-oxide electrode
materials, as well as their application to areas such as biosensing
and photochemical removal of organic wastewater pollutants.
Featuring an introductory chapter on electrochemical cells, this
book is well positioned to acquaint interdisciplinary researchers
to the field, while providing topical coverage of the latest
techniques and methodology. It is ideal for students and research
professionals in water science, materials science, and chemical and
civil engineering.
This book presents an overview of recent academic and industrial
research efforts concerning halogen-free flame-retardant (FR)
polymers and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the synthesis
methods for various types of halogen-free FR polymers and their
nanocomposites, and critically reviews their flame-retardant
behavior, toxic-gas evolution during combustion, and inhibition
methods. In turn, the book discusses the importance of metal oxide
nanoparticles, nanoclay, and graphene in flame inhibition and
addresses the FR properties of various FR compounds containing
polymers, their FR mechanisms, and fire toxicant releasing and
inhibition methods in detail. It systematically covers the
synergetic effects between different FR compounds, and explains the
significance of thermal stability and melt dripping for polymers'
FR properties. The fundamental concepts described here are
essential to understanding the FR behaviors of various polymers and
their nanocomposites, and to developing efficient, environmentally
friendly FR polymers and nanocomposites for a wide range of
applications. This book is ideally suited for researchers in the
fields of polymer science and engineering, and for graduate
students in chemistry and materials science.
Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special
attention since the resultant structure-micro- and nano-level, is
directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive
chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates
knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer
nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the
processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide
range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on
emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has
very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration.
Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in
polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book,
with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of
nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible
polymer blend nanocomposites. This book introduces readers to
nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites processing. After defining
nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites and discussing
environmental aspects, the second chapter focuses on the synthesis
and functionalization of nanomaterials with applications in
polymers. A brief overview on nanoclay and nanoclay-containing
polymer nanocomposites is provided in third chapter. The fourth
chapter provides an overview of the polymer nanocomposites
structural elucidation techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and
scattering, microscopy and spectroscopy, rheology. The fifth
chapter is dedicated to the polymer nanocomposites processing
technologies, among which electrospinning, which has very exciting
applications ranging from medical to filtration. The last chapter
provides an overview on how melt-processing strategy impact
structure and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites by
taking polypropylene-clay nanocomposite as a model system. The book
is useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students (polymer
engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical &
process engineering), as well as research & development
personnel, engineers, and material scientists.
Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special
attention since the resultant structure-micro- and nano-level, is
directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive
chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates
knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer
nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the
processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide
range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on
emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has
very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration.
Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in
polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book,
with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of
nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible
polymer blend nanocomposites. This book focuses heavily on the
processing technologies and strategies and extensively addresses
the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a
wide range of polymer nanocomposites, such as commodity polymers
(chapter 1), engineering polymers (chapter 2), elastomers (chapter
3), thermosets (chapter 4), biopolymers (chapter 5), polymer blends
(chapter 6), and electrospun polymer (chapter 7). The important
role played by nanoparticles in polymer blends structures in
particular is illustrated. The book is useful to undergraduate and
postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science &
engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as
research & development personnel, engineers, and material
scientists.
This book presents an overview of recent academic and industrial
research efforts concerning halogen-free flame-retardant (FR)
polymers and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the synthesis
methods for various types of halogen-free FR polymers and their
nanocomposites, and critically reviews their flame-retardant
behavior, toxic-gas evolution during combustion, and inhibition
methods. In turn, the book discusses the importance of metal oxide
nanoparticles, nanoclay, and graphene in flame inhibition and
addresses the FR properties of various FR compounds containing
polymers, their FR mechanisms, and fire toxicant releasing and
inhibition methods in detail. It systematically covers the
synergetic effects between different FR compounds, and explains the
significance of thermal stability and melt dripping for polymers'
FR properties. The fundamental concepts described here are
essential to understanding the FR behaviors of various polymers and
their nanocomposites, and to developing efficient, environmentally
friendly FR polymers and nanocomposites for a wide range of
applications. This book is ideally suited for researchers in the
fields of polymer science and engineering, and for graduate
students in chemistry and materials science.
This book reports on the development of nanostructured
metal-oxide-based electrode materials for use in water
purification. The removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals
from wastewater is a growing environmental and societal priority.
This book thus focuses primarily on new techniques to modify the
nanostructural properties of various solvent-electrolyte
combinations to address these issues. Water treatment is becoming
more and more challenging due to the ever increasing complexity of
the pollutants present, requiring alternative and complementary
approaches toward the removal of toxic chemicals, heavy metals and
micro-organisms, to name a few. This contributed volume cuts across
the fields of electrochemistry, water science, materials science,
and nanotechnology, while presenting up-to-date experimental
results on the properties and synthesis of metal-oxide electrode
materials, as well as their application to areas such as biosensing
and photochemical removal of organic wastewater pollutants.
Featuring an introductory chapter on electrochemical cells, this
book is well positioned to acquaint interdisciplinary researchers
to the field, while providing topical coverage of the latest
techniques and methodology. It is ideal for students and research
professionals in water science, materials science, and chemical and
civil engineering.
This book focuses on recent developments in the field of
two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental applications. Due
to their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry,
two-dimensional nanomaterials are currently garnering great
interest for environmental remediation applications. This book
compiles contributed chapters from active international researchers
dealing with the development of state-of-the-art two-dimensional
nanomaterials in environmental applications such as water and
wastewater treatment, adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane
separation, desalination, deionization, environmental pollutants
sensing/detection, carbon-dioxide capture and catalytic conversion,
microbial treatment, and electrochemical remediation. Each
chapter provides an essential and comprehensive overview of the
recent advances in material development and application, giving
special attention to preparation methods, tunning of physiochemical
properties, surface and interface chemistry, structural porosity,
assemblies integration for fabrication of devices, and their
relationship with overall efficiency. It offers a valuable
reference guide for environmental and materials scientists,
engineers, and policymakers working towards environmental
sustainability.
Sustainable Polylactide-Based Composites integrates fundamental
knowledge pertaining to manufacturing and characterization of
polymer composites with a thorough and critical overview of the
state-of-the-art in PLA-based composites, including significant
past and recent advances. The book begins with insights into the
basics of polymer composites, with special reference to sustainable
composites, as well as fundamental knowledge related to PLA. This
is followed by chapters on manufacturing methods, morphological
characterization techniques, and the mechanical models used for
polymer composites. A comprehensive overview of the
state-of-the-art in PLA-based sustainable composites of all
extensively used fillers is then presented. After providing
fundamental knowledge related to PLA and polymer composites,
including structure-property-processing relationship, the book
focuses on recent research efforts and key research challenges in
the development of PLA-based composites, as well as lifecycle
assessment and recycling.
Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends provides a critical overview
of the state-of-the-art in polylactide (PLA)-based blends,
addressing the latest advances, innovative processing techniques
and fundamental issues that persist in the field. Sections cover
the fundamentals of sustainable polymeric materials, polylactide
and polymer blends, current and upcoming processing technologies,
structure and morphology characterization techniques for PLA and
PLA-based blends, and the processing, morphology development, and
properties of polylactide-based blends. Final chapters focus on
current and future applications, market potential, key challenges
and future outlooks. Throughout the book, theoretical modeling of
immiscible polymer blends helps to establish structure-property
relationships in various PLA-based polymer blends. With in-depth
coverage of fundamentals and processing techniques, the book aims
to support the selection of each processing method, along with an
understanding of surface chemistry to achieve improved
compatibility between phases.
This book focuses on the electrochemical and nanostructural
properties of new photoanode/electrolyte combinations used in the
development of novel surface-modified nanomaterials for
environmental applications. As water treatment is rapidly becoming
a global challenge due to the increasing complexity and number of
the various pollutants present, the book explores fundamental
issues relating to environmental applications of nanomaterials. It
addresses relevant topics ranging from electrochemical synthesis
and characterization, to applications of photoanodes in corrosion
prevention and biosensors for wastewater treatment. Featuring
up-to-date experimental results on nanomaterials for detection of
pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in wastewater, this contributed
volume is useful to electrochemical researchers, materials
scientists, and chemical and civil engineers interested in advanced
photoelectrochemical research for environmental applications.
This book provides an overview of the latest advances in
applications of nanocomposites in wastewater treatment. This book
is dedicated to recent developments in the application of polymer
nanocomposites to wastewater treatment. Based on their morphology
and tailored compositions, polymer nanocomposites provide powerful
tools for environmental remediation via selective adsorption of
contaminants in complex environmental matrices. The book reviews
recent progress in this field, covering various nanocomposite
fabrication routes and novel applications for pollutant sensing and
detection. It includes discussion of different types of
nanocomposites based on metal-organic frameworks and hydrogels,
while also covering related topics such as nanocomposite membranes,
photocatalysts, and bio-nanocomposites for pollution abatement.
Ideal for researchers and engineers in the field, this collection
of contributed chapters offers a timely review of current research
in nanomaterials for cost-effective pollution control technologies.
Foamability of Thermoplastic Polymeric Materials presents a
cutting-edge approach to thermoplastic polymeric foams, drawing on
the latest research and guiding the reader through the fundamental
science, foamability, structure-property-processing relationship,
multi-phase polymeric materials, degradation characteristics of
biodegradable foams and advanced applications. Sections provide
detailed information on foam manufacturing technologies and the
fundamental science behind foaming, present insights on the factors
affecting foamability, cover ways of enhancing the foamability of
various polymeric materials, with special focus on multi-phase
systems, discuss the degradation of biodegradable foams and special
morphology development for scaffolds, packaging, acoustic and
super-insulation applications, as well as cell seeding studies in
scaffolds. Each application has specific requirements in terms of
desired properties. This in-depth coverage and analysis helps those
looking to move forward with microcellular processing and polymer
foaming. This is an ideal resource for researchers, advanced
students and professionals interested in the microcellular
processing of polymeric materials in the areas of polymer foaming,
polymer processing, plastics engineering and materials science.
The deterioration of water quality and unavailability of drinkable
water are pressing challenges worldwide. The removal of toxic
organic and inorganic pollutants from water is vital for a clean
environment, as a response to water scarcity. Adsorption-based
water technologies are among the most widely used because of their
high efficiency and low cost, without relying on a complex
infrastructure. In recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such
as graphene and derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers,
nanoporous carbon, fullerenes, graphitic carbon nitride, and
nanodiamonds have been extensively exploited as adsorbents due to
their extraordinary surface properties, ease of modification, large
surface area, controlled structural varieties, high chemical
stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and
reusability. This book provides a thorough overview of the state of
the art in carbon nanomaterials as they are used for adsorption
applications in water purifications, as well as addressing their
toxicological challenges. This volume primarily explores the
fundamentals of adsorption, its mechanical aspects, synthesis and
properties of CNMs, and adsorption performances of CNMs and their
nanocomposites with organic and inorganic materials. Structural
engineering and activation processes produce materials with
enhanced adsorptive properties and separation efficiencies.
Furthermore, the formation of CNMs with 2D and 3D macro-and
microstructures and high porosities is a potential approach to
improve adsorption performances and extend CNM use at the
industrial level. The book also addresses important issues
regarding these adsorbents that potentially affect future research
and industrial applications of carbon-based nanoadsorbents in water
security.
Nanostructured Immiscible Polymer Blends: Migration and Interface
covers a wide range of nanoparticle types, emphasizing the
mechanisms and parameters involved in the migration of nanofillers
inside immiscible polymer blends. This book explores the influence
of nanoparticle migration on the localization, and hence,
morphology development, electrical conductivity, and
met-rheological properties of blended composite materials. As the
influence of solid particles, ranging in size from several hundred
nanometers to a few microns in immiscible polymer blends has been
extensively studied for use as compatibilizers, morphology
stabilizers, and reinforcement agents, this book is a timely
resource.
Processing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special
attention since the resultant structure-micro- and nano-level, is
directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive
chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates
knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer
nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the
processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide
range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on
emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has
very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration.
Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in
polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book,
with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of
nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible
polymer blend nanocomposites. This book focuses heavily on the
processing technologies and strategies and extensively addresses
the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a
wide range of polymer nanocomposites, such as commodity polymers
(chapter 1), engineering polymers (chapter 2), elastomers (chapter
3), thermosets (chapter 4), biopolymers (chapter 5), polymer blends
(chapter 6), and electrospun polymer (chapter 7). The important
role played by nanoparticles in polymer blends structures in
particular is illustrated. The book is useful to undergraduate and
postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science &
engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as
research & development personnel, engineers, and material
scientists.
Concerns about global warming and the depletion of oil reserves
have led to significant research into more sustainable composite
materials made from natural materials. Recently, research has
focussed on the development of nanoscale reinforcements for this
new group of composites, significantly improving and extending
their range of desirable properties. Environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites summarises this wealth of research and its
practical implications.
After an introduction to the subject, part one looks at matrix and
reinforcement materials as well as their characterisation. Part two
reviews key properties such as tensile and dynamic mechanical
properties and thermal stability. It also considers issues such as
barrier properties, biodegradability, rheology, electrical and
thermal conductivity. The book concludes by reviewing potential
applications.
This book is ideal for polymer and material scientists, researchers
and engineers. It will also help industrial researchers and R&D
managers who want to bring advanced eco-friendly polymer
composite-based products into the market.
Summarises the practical implications of the development of
nanoscale reinforcements for sustainable composite materials made
from natural materialsExamines matrix and reinforcement materials
and their characterisation and reviews key properties such as
tensile and dynamic mechanical propertiesConsiders barrier
properties, biodegradability, rheology, electrical and thermal
conductivity and potential applications
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