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For decades, historians have debated how and to what extent the
Holocaust penetrated the German national consciousness between 1933
and 1945. How much did "ordinary" Germans know about the
subjugation and mass murder of the Jews, when did they know it, and
how did they respond collectively and as individuals? This compact
volume brings together six historical investigations into the
subject from leading scholars employing newly accessible and
previously underexploited evidence. Ranging from the roots of
popular anti-Semitism to the complex motivations of Germans who hid
Jews, these studies illuminate some of the most difficult questions
in Holocaust historiography, supplemented with an array of
fascinating primary source materials.
For decades, historians have debated how and to what extent the
Holocaust penetrated the German national consciousness between 1933
and 1945. How much did "ordinary" Germans know about the
subjugation and mass murder of the Jews, when did they know it, and
how did they respond collectively and as individuals? This compact
volume brings together six historical investigations into the
subject from leading scholars employing newly accessible and
previously underexploited evidence. Ranging from the roots of
popular anti-Semitism to the complex motivations of Germans who hid
Jews, these studies illuminate some of the most difficult questions
in Holocaust historiography, supplemented with an array of
fascinating primary source materials.
Between ten thousand and twelve thousand Jews tried to escape Nazi
genocide by going into hiding. With the help of Jewish and
non-Jewish relatives, friends, or people completely unknown to
them, these "U-boats," as they came to be known, dared to lead a
life underground. Flight and Concealment brings to light their
hidden stories. Deftly weaving together personal accounts with a
broader comparative look at the experiences of Jews throughout
Germany, historian Susanna Schrafstetter tells the story of the
Jews in Munich and Upper Bavaria who fled deportation by going
underground. Archival sources and interviews with survivors and
with the Germans who aided or exploited them reveal a complex,
often intimate story of hope, greed, and sometimes betrayal. Flight
and Concealment shows the options and strategies for survival of
those in hiding and their helpers, and discusses the ways in which
some Germans enriched themselves at the expense of the refugees.
Between ten thousand and twelve thousand Jews tried to escape Nazi
genocide by going into hiding. With the help of Jewish and
non-Jewish relatives, friends, or people completely unknown to
them, these "U-boats," as they came to be known, dared to lead a
life underground. Flight and Concealment brings to light their
hidden stories. Deftly weaving together personal accounts with a
broader comparative look at the experiences of Jews throughout
Germany, historian Susanna Schrafstetter tells the story of the
Jews in Munich and Upper Bavaria who fled deportation by going
underground. Archival sources and interviews with survivors and
with the Germans who aided or exploited them reveal a complex,
often intimate story of hope, greed, and sometimes betrayal. Flight
and Concealment shows the options and strategies for survival of
those in hiding and their helpers, and discusses the ways in which
some Germans enriched themselves at the expense of the refugees.
From the destruction of Hiroshima to the conclusion of the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968, the international community
struggled to halt the nuclear arms race and to prevent the
annihilation of humanity. This study offers an accessible and
authoritative account of European policy in this critical dimension
of world politics. How much influence did Europeans exert in
Washington? Why were European objectives often at variance with
U.S. expectations? To what extent did differing national agendas on
non-proliferation cause friction within the Western Alliance?
Schrafstetter and Twigge examine five initiatives designed to
prevent or restrain the nuclear arms race: the international
option, the commercial option, the moral option, the multilateral
option, and the legal option. Their conclusions show the extent to
which non-proliferation policy dominated European politics and the
transatlantic relationship. The international option focuses on
early UN plans for international control of atomic energy
(1946-48). The commercial option assesses the influence of
Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace proposal of 1953 and the impact of
civil nuclear power. The moral option charts international attempts
to outlaw the testing of nuclear weapons, resulting in the 1963
Partial Test Ban Treaty. The multilateral option discusses the role
of collective nuclear forces in addressing West German demands for
nuclear equality within NATO. The legal option explores British,
French, and West German attitudes to nuclear disarmament and charts
the international drive to stop the spread of nuclear weapons
culminating in the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968.
Throughout the analysis, attention isfocused on the role of the
European powers and their influence on both Washington and Moscow.
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