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In production and service sectors we often come across
situations where females remain largely overshadowed by males both
in terms of wages and productivity. Men are generally assigned jobs
that require more physical work while the 'less' strenuous job is
allocated to the females. However, the gender dimension of labor
process in the service sector in India has remained relatively
unexplored. There are certain activities in the service sector
where females are more suitable than males. The service sector
activities are usually divided into OAE and Establishments. In this
work, an attempt has been made to segregate the productivity of
females compared to that of males on the basis of both partial and
complete separability models. An estimate has also been made of the
female labor supply function. The results present a downward trend
for female participation both in Own Account Enterprises (OAE) and
Establishment. The higher the female shadow wage the lower their
supply. This lends support to the supposition that female labor
participation is a type of "distress supply" rather than a positive
indicator of women's empowerment. Analysis of the National Sample
Service Organization data indicates that in all the sectors women
are generally paid less than men. A micro-econometric study reveals
that even in firms that employ solely female labor, incidence of
full-time labor is deplorably poor. It is this feature that results
in women workers' lower earnings and their deprivation.
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