1. Themeanrestingmembranepotentialofrattaste cells is - 36 mVunderadap- tation of the tongue to 41.4 mMNaCI and - 50mV under water adaptation. 2. The shapes ofreceptor potentials ofrattastecells inresponsetothe four basic tastestimuli(0.5MNaCI, 0.02 M Q-HCI, 0.01 MHCl, and0.5 M sucrose)are classified into three types, namely (1) a depolarization alone, (2) a depolariza- tion preceded by a transient hyperpolarization, and (3) a hyperpolarization alone. No regenerative spike potentials are evoked in rat taste cells by chemical stimuli. The amplitude of rat taste cell responses increases with increasing concentrationofthe taste stimulus. Mostofthe rat taste cells show a multiple sensitivity in that single cells respond to various combinations of the four basic taste stimuli with depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 3. The rise and fall times of depolarizing responses to 0.5 M NaCI are much shorter than those of depolarizing responses to the other three stimuli. The fall time of depolarization evoked by 0.01 M HCI is the longest. The rise and fall times of all hyperpolarizing responses are shorter than those of all de- polarizing responses.

Computer simulation is now widely recognized as a powerful tool and useful method at the current stage of research in space plasma physics. The expected role of computer simulation is to bridge the existing gap between theories and experiments/observations and to give a profound physical insight into highly tangled and nonlinearly coupled space plasma phenomena. One of the goals of space plasma physics in 1980's and 1990's is to elucidate the quantitative causal relationships of global and local energy flows in space plasma environment and establish the space plasma physics via cooperative studies among three important elements of observations, theories and computer simulations. Based on such recognition, Dr. M. Ashour-Abdalla (UCLA/USA), Dr. R. Gendrin (CNET/FRANCE) and both of us met together at the 20th General Assembly of URSI at Washington D. C. in 1981 to discuss what we should do and what we could do, reaching a conclusion that it is time to establish an International School of Space Simulations (ISSS). The objectives of the ISSS thus organized are firstly to educate and stimulate graduate students and young sCientists, secondly to exchange information on updated simulation techniques and thirdly to have mutual discussions among observational, theoretical and simulational scientists in the field of space physics. The first ISSS were organized by Prof. P. Coleman, Prof. T. Obayashi, Dr. H. Okuda in addition to the above four members. The first ISSS was held at Kansai Seminar House in Kyoto from Nov. I to Nov. 12, 1982.

20 years after the collapse of communism in Central Eastern European countries and 30 years after the start of market-oriented reforms in China, this book provides a framework for understanding the differing emphasis and sequencing of two reforms and explores in-depth these issues in the demise of communism and the triumph of the market economy.

20 years after the collapse of communism in Central Eastern European countries and 30 years after the start of market-oriented reforms in China, this book provides a framework for understanding the differing emphasis and sequencing of two reforms and explores in-depth these issues in the demise of communism and the triumph of the market economy.

"A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers"

The critical role of standards for smart grid has already been realized by world-wide governments and industrial organizations. There are hundreds of standards for Smart Grid which have been developed in parallel by different organizations. It is therefore necessary to arrange those standards in such a way that it is easier for readers to easily understand and select a particular standard according to their requirements without going into the depth of each standard, which often spans from hundreds to thousands of pages.

The book will allow people in the smart grid areas and in the related industries to easily understand the fundamental standards of smart grid, and quickly find the building-block standards they need from hundreds of standards for implementing a smart grid system. The authors highlight the most advanced works and efforts now under way to realize an integrated and interoperable smart grid, such as the "NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Release 2.0," the" IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap," the ISO/IEC's "Smart Grid Standards for Residential Customers," the ZigBee/HomePlug's "Smart Energy Profile Specification 2.0," IEEE's P2030 "Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads," and the latest joint research project results between the world's two largest economies, US and China. The book enables readers to fully understand the latest achievements and ongoing technical works of smart grid standards, and assist industry utilities, vendors, academia, regulators, and other smart grid stakeholders in future decision making.

The book begins with an overview of the smart grid, and introduces the opportunities in both developed and developing countries. It then examines the standards for power grid domain of the smart grid, including standards for blackout prevention and energy management, smart transmission, advanced distribution management and automation, smart substation automation, and condition monitoring. Communication and security standards as a whole are the backbone of smart grid and their standards, including those for wired and wireless communications, are then assessed. Finally the authors consider the standards and on-going work and efforts for interoperability and integration between different standards and networks, including the latest joint research effort between the world's two largest economies, US and China. A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providersCovers all up-to-date standards of smart grid, including the key standards from NIST, IEC, ISO ZigBee, IEEE, HomePlug, SAE, and other international and regional standardization organizations. The Appendix summarizes all of the standards mentioned in the bookPresents standards for renewable energy and smart generation, covering wind energy, solar voltaic, fuel cells, pumped storage, distributed generation, and nuclear generation standards. Standards for other alternative sources of energy such as geothermal energy, and bioenergy are briefly introducedIntroduces the standards for smart storage and plug-in electric vehicles, including standards for distributed energy resources (DER), electric storage, and E-mobility/plug-in vehicles

The book is written in an accessible style, ideal as an introduction to the topic, yet contains sufficient detail and research to appeal to the more advanced and specialist reader.

What will happen when a teacher from America and a teacher from Scotland trade places? They both speak English, so it should be easy, right? But wait French fries are called chips in Scotland while crisps are called chips in America. And a bathroom is only a bathroom in America - in Scotland it's the loo With their students not sure what they are saying and they themselves unsure of what anyone else is talking about - how will these two teachers manage to teach? Join Miss Cue and Miss Queue for a joyous series of misadventures, misunderstandings, and mistakes of linguistic proportions as they become the students in order to learn how to navigate within a new culture.