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A rapidly growing number of people experience psychological strain
at their workplace. In almost all industrialized countries,
absenteeism and turnover rates increase, and an increasing amount
of workers receive disablement benefits because of psychological
problems. This book, first published in 1993, concentrates on a
specific kind of occupational stress: burnout, the depletion of
energy resources as a result of continuous emotional demands of the
job. This volume presents theoretical perspectives that had been
developed in the United States and Europe, discusses methodological
issues, and examines organisational contexts. Written by an
international group of leading scholars, this book will be of
interest to students of both psychology and human resource
management.
A rapidly growing number of people experience psychological strain
at their workplace. In almost all industrialized countries,
absenteeism and turnover rates increase, and an increasing amount
of workers receive disablement benefits because of psychological
problems. This book, first published in 1993, concentrates on a
specific kind of occupational stress: burnout, the depletion of
energy resources as a result of continuous emotional demands of the
job. This volume presents theoretical perspectives that had been
developed in the United States and Europe, discusses methodological
issues, and examines organisational contexts. Written by an
international group of leading scholars, this book will be of
interest to students of both psychology and human resource
management.
Combining emerging concepts, theories, and applications of human
factors knowledge, this volume focuses on discovery and
understanding of human performance issues in complex systems,
including recent advances in neural basis of human behavior at work
(i.e. neuroergonomics), training, and universal design. The book is
organized into ten sections that focus on the following subject
matters: I: Neuroergonomics: Workload Assessment II: Models and
Measurement in Neuroergonomics III: Neuroergonomics and Human
Performance IV: Neuroergonomics and Training Issues V: Trainees:
Designing for Those in Training VI: Military Human Factors:
Designing for Those in the Armed Forces VII: New Programs/New
Places: Designing for Those Unfamiliar with Human Factors VIII:
Universal Design: Designing to Include Everyone IX: Designing for
People with Disabilities X: Children and Elderly: Designing for
Those of Different Ages Sections I through IV of this book focus on
neuroscience of human performance in complex systems, with emphasis
on the assessment and modeling of cognitive workload, fatigue, and
training effectiveness. Sections V through X concentrate on
applying human factors to special populations, with the caveat that
the design information may not generalize to (or be of interest to)
other populations. This broadens the conventional definition which
limits special populations to those who have limitations in their
functional abilities, i.e. those with chronic disabilities due to
illness, injury, or aging. Thus, special populations can
incorporate certain investigations and designs focused on military,
students, or even developing countries and those naive to the field
of human factors, as well as those who are affected by disabilities
and aging (both young and old). Many chapters of this book focus on
analysis, design, and evaluation of challenges affecting students,
trainees, members of the military, persons with disabilities, and
universal design. In general, the chapters are organized to move
from a more general, to a more specialized application. For
example, the subtopics for those with disabilities include
designing websites, workstations, housing, entrepreneur training,
communication strategies, products, environments, public
transportation systems, and communities. This book is of special
value to a large variety of professionals, researchers and students
in the broad field of human performance who are interested in
neuroergonomics, training effectiveness, and universal design and
operation of products and processes, as well as management of work
systems in contemporary society. We hope this book is informative,
but even more - that it is thought provoking. We hope it inspires,
leading the reader to contemplate other questions, applications,
and potential solutions in creating designs that improve function,
efficiency, and ease-of-use for all. Seven other titles in the
Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series are: Advances in
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare Advances in Applied
Digital Human Modeling Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making
Advances in Cognitive Ergonomics Advances in Occupational, Social
and Organizational Ergonomics Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics
and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries Advances in
Ergonomics Modeling & Usability Evaluation
Broadly defined as the science and technology of systems responding
to neural processes in the brain, neuroadaptive systems (NASs) has
become a rapidly developing area of study. One of the first books
available in this emerging area, Neuroadaptive Systems: Theory and
Applications synthesizes knowledge about human behavior, cognition,
neural processing, and technology and how it can be used to
optimize the design, development, modeling, simulation, and
applications of complex neuro-based systems. Balancing coverage of
theory and applications, the book examines the general aims of NASs
and how neurogenomics can be applied in training applications. It
includes important results and findings gathered from approximately
two decades of brain computer interaction research. But more than
this, the book details the underlying rationale for using NASs
compared to other kinds of human-machine systems and raises
questions and concerns about budding neuro-scientific areas that
gives insight into the way humans may interact with
neuro-technological systems in the future. With contributions from
international professionals and researchers, this book presents
state-of-the-art developments in neuroscience, human factors, and
brain activity measurement. Packed with models, case studies,
research results, and illustrations, it discusses approaches to
understanding the functions of neuronal networks, and then explores
challenges and applications of neuroadaptive systems. It provides
tools for future development and the theory to support it.
During the last 60 years the discipline of human factors (HF) has
evolved alongside progress in engineering, technology, and
business. Contemporary HF is clearly shifting towards addressing
the human-centered design paradigm for much larger and complex
societal systems, the effectiveness of which is affected by recent
advances in engineering, science, and education. Human Factors of a
Global Society: A System of Systems Perspective explores the future
challenges and potential contributions of the human factors
discipline in the Conceptual Age of human creativity and social
responsibility. Written by a team of experts and pioneers, this
book examines the human aspects related to contemporary societal
developments in science, engineering, and higher education in the
context of unprecedented progress in those areas. It also discusses
new paradigms for higher education, including education delivery,
and administration from a systems of systems perspective. It then
examines the future challenges and potential contributions of the
human factors discipline. While there are other books that focus on
systems engineering or on a specific area of human factors, this
book unifies these different perspectives into a holistic point of
view. It gives you an understanding of human factors as it relates
to the global enterprise system and its newly emerging
characteristics such as quality, system complexity, evolving
management system and its role in social and behavioral changes. By
exploring the human aspects related to actual societal developments
in science, the book opens a new horizon for the HF community.
Broadly defined as the science and technology of systems responding
to neural processes in the brain, neuroadaptive systems (NASs) has
become a rapidly developing area of study. One of the first books
available in this emerging area, Neuroadaptive Systems: Theory and
Applications synthesizes knowledge about human behavior, cognition,
neural processing, and technology and how it can be used to
optimize the design, development, modeling, simulation, and
applications of complex neuro-based systems. Balancing coverage of
theory and applications, the book examines the general aims of NASs
and how neurogenomics can be applied in training applications. It
includes important results and findings gathered from approximately
two decades of brain computer interaction research. But more than
this, the book details the underlying rationale for using NASs
compared to other kinds of human-machine systems and raises
questions and concerns about budding neuro-scientific areas that
gives insight into the way humans may interact with
neuro-technological systems in the future. With contributions from
international professionals and researchers, this book presents
state-of-the-art developments in neuroscience, human factors, and
brain activity measurement. Packed with models, case studies,
research results, and illustrations, it discusses approaches to
understanding the functions of neuronal networks, and then explores
challenges and applications of neuroadaptive systems. It provides
tools for future development and the theory to support it.
Combining emerging concepts, theories, and applications of human
factors knowledge, this volume focuses on discovery and
understanding of human performance issues in complex systems,
including recent advances in neural basis of human behavior at work
(i.e. neuroergonomics), training, and universal design. The book is
organized into ten sections that focus on the following subject
matters: I: Neuroergonomics: Workload Assessment II: Models and
Measurement in Neuroergonomics III: Neuroergonomics and Human
Performance IV: Neuroergonomics and Training Issues V: Trainees:
Designing for Those in Training VI: Military Human Factors:
Designing for Those in the Armed Forces VII: New Programs/New
Places: Designing for Those Unfamiliar with Human Factors VIII:
Universal Design: Designing to Include Everyone IX: Designing for
People with Disabilities X: Children and Elderly: Designing for
Those of Different Ages Sections I through IV of this book focus on
neuroscience of human performance in complex systems, with emphasis
on the assessment and modeling of cognitive workload, fatigue, and
training effectiveness. Sections V through X concentrate on
applying human factors to special populations, with the caveat that
the design information may not generalize to (or be of interest to)
other populations. This broadens the conventional definition which
limits special populations to those who have limitations in their
functional abilities, i.e. those with chronic disabilities due to
illness, injury, or aging. Thus, special populations can
incorporate certain investigations and designs focused on military,
students, or even developing countries and those naive to the field
of human factors, as well as those who are affected by disabilities
and aging (both young and old). Many chapters of this book focus on
analysis, design, and evaluation of challenges affecting students,
trainees, members of the military, persons with disabilities, and
universal design. In general, the chapters are organized to move
from a more general, to a more specialized application. For
example, the subtopics for those with disabilities include
designing websites, workstations, housing, entrepreneur training,
communication strategies, products, environments, public
transportation systems, and communities. This book is of special
value to a large variety of professionals, researchers and students
in the broad field of human performance who are interested in
neuroergonomics, training effectiveness, and universal design and
operation of products and processes, as well as management of work
systems in contemporary society. We hope this book is informative,
but even more - that it is thought provoking. We hope it inspires,
leading the reader to contemplate other questions, applications,
and potential solutions in creating designs that improve function,
efficiency, and ease-of-use for all. Seven other titles in the
Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series are: Advances in
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare Advances in Applied
Digital Human Modeling Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making
Advances in Cognitive Ergonomics Advances in Occupational, Social
and Organizational Ergonomics Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics
and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries Advances in
Ergonomics Modeling & Usability Evaluation
Aromaticity is a notion that appeared in the mid-nineteenth century
to differentiate between unsaturated hydrocarbons and formally
unsaturated benzene [1-3]. At the end of the nineteenth century it
seemed that cyclicity was a necessary condition for differentiation
between the two, but at the beginning of the twentieth century it
turned out that the above assumption was not correct because
cyclooctatetraene exhibited typical properties known for polyenes
[4]. The essential property of b- zene-like compounds, often
identified with aromatic compounds, was low react- ity. Hence
thermodynamic stability was defined as resonance energy [5, 6] and
was the first quantitative measure of aromaticity. Many theoretical
approaches were proposed later to estimate this quantity, and now
the criterion is often considered to be the most fundamental [7].
Almost at the same time, magnetic susceptibility was used to
describe aromaticity [8, 9]. Consequently, many concepts based on
mag- tism were developed, probably the most effective in assessment
of aromaticity being nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) [10]
or Fowler's maps of ring currents [11]. The criterion served
Schleyer as a basis for a definition of aromat- ity: "Compounds
which exhibit significantly exalted diamagnetic susceptibility are
aromatic. Cyclic delocalisation may also result in bond length
equalization, abn- mal chemical shifts and magnetic anisotropies,
as well as chemical and physical properties which reflect energetic
stabilisation"[12].
During the last 60 years the discipline of human factors (HF) has
evolved alongside progress in engineering, technology, and
business. Contemporary HF is clearly shifting towards addressing
the human-centered design paradigm for much larger and complex
societal systems, the effectiveness of which is affected by recent
advances in engineering, science, and education. Human Factors of a
Global Society: A System of Systems Perspective explores the future
challenges and potential contributions of the human factors
discipline in the Conceptual Age of human creativity and social
responsibility. Written by a team of experts and pioneers, this
book examines the human aspects related to contemporary societal
developments in science, engineering, and higher education in the
context of unprecedented progress in those areas. It also discusses
new paradigms for higher education, including education delivery,
and administration from a systems of systems perspective. It then
examines the future challenges and potential contributions of the
human factors discipline. While there are other books that focus on
systems engineering or on a specific area of human factors, this
book unifies these different perspectives into a holistic point of
view. It gives you an understanding of human factors as it relates
to the global enterprise system and its newly emerging
characteristics such as quality, system complexity, evolving
management system and its role in social and behavioral changes. By
exploring the human aspects related to actual societal developments
in science, the book opens a new horizon for the HF community.
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