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Each time we take a turn in conversation we indicate what we know and what we think others know. However, knowledge is neither static nor absolute. It is shaped by those we interact with and governed by social norms - we monitor one another for whether we are fulfilling our rights and responsibilities with respect to knowledge, and for who has relatively more rights to assert knowledge over some state of affairs. This book brings together an international team of leading linguists, sociologists and anthropologists working across a range of European and Asian languages to document some of the ways in which speakers manage the moral domain of knowledge in conversation. The volume demonstrates that if we are to understand how speakers manage issues of agreement, affiliation and alignment - something clearly at the heart of human sociality - we must understand the social norms surrounding epistemic access, primacy and responsibilities.
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses
such as strep throat, sinusitis and middle ear infections as they
have done for the last 60 years. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are
increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them
are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral
illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance.
Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics
unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract
infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe
inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The
answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical
practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical
algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a
parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma
which pits individual parents and children against a greater social
good.
Each time we take a turn in conversation we indicate what we know and what we think others know. However, knowledge is neither static nor absolute. It is shaped by those we interact with and governed by social norms - we monitor one another for whether we are fulfilling our rights and responsibilities with respect to knowledge, and for who has relatively more rights to assert knowledge over some state of affairs. This book brings together an international team of leading linguists, sociologists and anthropologists working across a range of European and Asian languages to document some of the ways in which speakers manage the moral domain of knowledge in conversation. The volume demonstrates that if we are to understand how speakers manage issues of agreement, affiliation and alignment - something clearly at the heart of human sociality - we must understand the social norms surrounding epistemic access, primacy and responsibilities.
How do we refer to people in everyday conversation? No matter the language or culture, we must choose from a range of options: full name ('Robert Smith'), reduced name ('Bob'), description ('tall guy'), kin term ('my son') etc. Our choices reflect how we know that person in context, and allow us to take a particular perspective on them. This book brings together a team of leading linguists, sociologists and anthropologists to show that there is more to person reference than meets the eye. Drawing on video-recorded, everyday interactions in nine languages, it examines the fascinating ways in which we exploit person reference for social and cultural purposes, and reveals the underlying principles of person reference across cultures from the Americas to Asia to the South Pacific. Combining rich ethnographic detail with cross-linguistic generalizations, it will be welcomed by researchers and graduate students interested in the relationship between language and culture.
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses
such as strep throat, sinusitis and middle ear infections as they
have done for the last 60 years. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are
increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them
are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral
illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance.
Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics
unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract
infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe
inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The
answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical
practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical
algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a
parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma
which pits individual parents and children against a greater social
good.
How do we refer to people in everyday conversation? No matter the language or culture, we must choose from a range of options: full name ('Robert Smith'), reduced name ('Bob'), description ('tall guy'), kin term ('my son') etc. Our choices reflect how we know that person in context, and allow us to take a particular perspective on them. This book brings together a team of leading linguists, sociologists and anthropologists to show that there is more to person reference than meets the eye. Drawing on video-recorded, everyday interactions in nine languages, it examines the fascinating ways in which we exploit person reference for social and cultural purposes, and reveals the underlying principles of person reference across cultures from the Americas to Asia to the South Pacific. Combining rich ethnographic detail with cross-linguistic generalizations, it will be welcomed by researchers and graduate students interested in the relationship between language and culture.
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