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Each time we take a turn in conversation we indicate what we know
and what we think others know. However, knowledge is neither static
nor absolute. It is shaped by those we interact with and governed
by social norms - we monitor one another for whether we are
fulfilling our rights and responsibilities with respect to
knowledge, and for who has relatively more rights to assert
knowledge over some state of affairs. This book brings together an
international team of leading linguists, sociologists and
anthropologists working across a range of European and Asian
languages to document some of the ways in which speakers manage the
moral domain of knowledge in conversation. The volume demonstrates
that if we are to understand how speakers manage issues of
agreement, affiliation and alignment - something clearly at the
heart of human sociality - we must understand the social norms
surrounding epistemic access, primacy and responsibilities.
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses
such as strep throat, sinusitis and middle ear infections as they
have done for the last 60 years. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are
increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them
are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral
illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance.
Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics
unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract
infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe
inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The
answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical
practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical
algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a
parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma
which pits individual parents and children against a greater social
good.
This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail,
showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways,
for instance in specific communication practices for explaining why
they have brought their child to the doctor or answering a
history-taking question. This book also shows how physicians yield
to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small
differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis
and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these
interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make
concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment
recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way
physicians present their findings and recommendations can decrease
parent pressure for antibiotics. This book carefully documents the
important and observable link between micro social interaction and
macro public health domains.
Each time we take a turn in conversation we indicate what we know
and what we think others know. However, knowledge is neither static
nor absolute. It is shaped by those we interact with and governed
by social norms - we monitor one another for whether we are
fulfilling our rights and responsibilities with respect to
knowledge, and for who has relatively more rights to assert
knowledge over some state of affairs. This book brings together an
international team of leading linguists, sociologists and
anthropologists working across a range of European and Asian
languages to document some of the ways in which speakers manage the
moral domain of knowledge in conversation. The volume demonstrates
that if we are to understand how speakers manage issues of
agreement, affiliation and alignment - something clearly at the
heart of human sociality - we must understand the social norms
surrounding epistemic access, primacy and responsibilities.
How do we refer to people in everyday conversation? No matter the
language or culture, we must choose from a range of options: full
name ('Robert Smith'), reduced name ('Bob'), description ('tall
guy'), kin term ('my son') etc. Our choices reflect how we know
that person in context, and allow us to take a particular
perspective on them. This book brings together a team of leading
linguists, sociologists and anthropologists to show that there is
more to person reference than meets the eye. Drawing on
video-recorded, everyday interactions in nine languages, it
examines the fascinating ways in which we exploit person reference
for social and cultural purposes, and reveals the underlying
principles of person reference across cultures from the Americas to
Asia to the South Pacific. Combining rich ethnographic detail with
cross-linguistic generalizations, it will be welcomed by
researchers and graduate students interested in the relationship
between language and culture.
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses
such as strep throat, sinusitis and middle ear infections as they
have done for the last 60 years. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are
increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them
are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral
illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance.
Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics
unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract
infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe
inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The
answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical
practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical
algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a
parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma
which pits individual parents and children against a greater social
good.
This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail,
showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways,
for instance in specific communication practices for explaining why
they have brought their child to the doctor or answering a
history-taking question. This book also shows how physicians yield
to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small
differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis
and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these
interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make
concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment
recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way
physicians presenttheir findings and recommendations can decrease
parent pressure for antibiotics. This book carefully documents the
important and observable link between micro social interaction and
macro public health domains.
How do we refer to people in everyday conversation? No matter the
language or culture, we must choose from a range of options: full
name ('Robert Smith'), reduced name ('Bob'), description ('tall
guy'), kin term ('my son') etc. Our choices reflect how we know
that person in context, and allow us to take a particular
perspective on them. This book brings together a team of leading
linguists, sociologists and anthropologists to show that there is
more to person reference than meets the eye. Drawing on
video-recorded, everyday interactions in nine languages, it
examines the fascinating ways in which we exploit person reference
for social and cultural purposes, and reveals the underlying
principles of person reference across cultures from the Americas to
Asia to the South Pacific. Combining rich ethnographic detail with
cross-linguistic generalizations, it will be welcomed by
researchers and graduate students interested in the relationship
between language and culture.
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