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The experience of privatization of social security has been
predominantly in the Latin American region. Eight countries have
undertaken either full or partial privatization of pensions:
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, and
Uruguay. What did the policymakers expect? Were expectations
realized? Can we learn anything from the collective experience of
these countries? Can they be applied to other countries that are
aspiring to privatize? How did the World Bank and other
international institutions affect these policies? Pension Reform in
Latin America and Its Lessons for International Policymakers
analyzes in detail these important questions. The book begins with
a detailed account of economic conditions in Latin America. It then
discusses various models that policymakers rely on. Starting with a
purely demographic model, it lays out advanced models of
overlapping generations of Samuelson. The book gives extensive
details of privatized pensions in each of the eight reforming
countries. Two chapters are devoted to analyzing the reform in each
country. Finally, detailed lessons are drawn that will help shape
the debate for policymakers in other countries.
We began to research for this book in 2000, with the idea that we
might contribute to the search for solutions to the global HIV/AIDS
pandemic by c- bining perspectives from different disciplines. Much
has happened in the interv- ing years. First, the severity of the
HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa - and the threat it posed
for many others regions of the world - led to a movement among
several countries to correct the imbalance between producers and
users of ph- maceutical products. This effort produced a
clarification of the right of gove- ments to produce generic
medicine under compulsory licenses and an amendment of the World
Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement to allow exports of generic
medicines from one WTO Member to another. In 2007, the amended
rules were put into practice, with Canada authorizing the export of
generic antiretroviral drugs to Rwanda. However, at the same time,
global patent laws have been undermined due to regulatory capture,
most notably in free trade agreements and through political
pressure on countries like Thailand to not to exercise their right
to issue compulsory licenses for pharmaceutical products. Second,
the amount of money available for the treatment and prevention of
HIV/AIDS has increased dramatically, with the establishment of the
World Bank Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Africa (MAP), the
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the US
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), among other
funding initiatives.
The experience of privatization of social security has been
predominantly in the Latin American region. Eight countries have
undertaken either full or partial privatization of pensions:
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, and
Uruguay. What did the policymakers expect? Were expectations
realized? Can we learn anything from the collective experience of
these countries? Can they be applied to other countries that are
aspiring to privatize? How did the World Bank and other
international institutions affect these policies? Pension Reform in
Latin America and Its Lessons for International Policymakers
analyzes in detail these important questions. The book begins with
a detailed account of economic conditions in Latin America. It then
discusses various models that policymakers rely on. Starting with a
purely demographic model, it lays out advanced models of
overlapping generations of Samuelson. The book gives extensive
details of privatized pensions in each of the eight reforming
countries. Two chapters are devoted to analyzing the reform in each
country. Finally, detailed lessons are drawn that will help shape
the debate for policymakers in other countries.
We began to research for this book in 2000, with the idea that we
might contribute to the search for solutions to the global HIV/AIDS
pandemic by c- bining perspectives from different disciplines. Much
has happened in the interv- ing years. First, the severity of the
HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa - and the threat it posed
for many others regions of the world - led to a movement among
several countries to correct the imbalance between producers and
users of ph- maceutical products. This effort produced a
clarification of the right of gove- ments to produce generic
medicine under compulsory licenses and an amendment of the World
Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement to allow exports of generic
medicines from one WTO Member to another. In 2007, the amended
rules were put into practice, with Canada authorizing the export of
generic antiretroviral drugs to Rwanda. However, at the same time,
global patent laws have been undermined due to regulatory capture,
most notably in free trade agreements and through political
pressure on countries like Thailand to not to exercise their right
to issue compulsory licenses for pharmaceutical products. Second,
the amount of money available for the treatment and prevention of
HIV/AIDS has increased dramatically, with the establishment of the
World Bank Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Africa (MAP), the
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the US
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), among other
funding initiatives.
Latin American experiments with pension reform began when Chile
converted its public pay-as-you-go system to a system of private
individual accounts in 1981. In the 1990s, several other countries
followed suit, inspired both by Chile's reforms and World Bank
recommendations that stressed adopting compulsory
government-mandated individual savings accounts. Following the lead
of Latin America, individual accounts were subsequently introduced
in a number of countries in both Europe and Asia. The World Bank
and governments in the region have now begun to seriously
re-evaluate these privatisations, with the most dramatic effort to
'reform the reform' coming from Chile, where President Michelle
Bachelet backed a comprehensive initiative aimed at making the
system more efficient and equitable. This volume is the first to
assess pension reforms in this new 'post-privatization' era.
Section 1 of the book begins with a discussion on demographic
trends by Nobel laureate Robert W. Fogel and is followed by
chapters on system design and their policy implications, including
chapters on demographic trends, pension system default options, and
an analysis of World Bank's policies and how they have evolved (by
three former and current World Bank experts). This section
concludes with two chapters with differing views on reform and the
role of gender (an important and understudied topic). Section 2
contains in-depth chapters on major reform efforts in the United
States, Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay and
Argentina.
In addressing the most pressing policy issues and highlighting a
broad range of country experiences, this volume provides an
unparalleled account of the lessons frompension reform in the
Americas.
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