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This book presents comparative analyses of different modes of the
governance of religious diversity and state-religion connections
and relations in twenty-three countries in five world regions:
Western Europe, Southern and South-Eastern Europe, Central and
Eastern Europe, the MENA region, and South and Southeast Asia.
Debates and controversies around the governance of religious
diversity have become important features of the social and
political landscape in different regions and countries across the
world. The historical influences and legacies, and the contemporary
circumstances provoking these debates vary between contexts, and
there have been a range of state and scholarly responses to how,
and why, particular understandings and arrangements of
state-religion relations should be preferred over others. The
analyses of country cases and regions presented in this volume are
based on extensive reviews of secondary literature, of legal and
policy landscapes, and in some cases on interviews. This book will
be a great resource for academics, researchers, and advanced
students interested in in the sociology of religion, religious
studies, politics and migration studies. The contributions in this
volume arise out of the Horizon2020 funded GREASE project. It was
originally published as a special issue of Religion, State and
Society.
"Multiculturalism and Citizenship" investigates the European
dimension of multiculturalism and immigration. This book argues
that the political theory discourse of multiculturalism and
resulting policies in this area assume an interpretation of
liberalism that has developed from the American experience, rather
than the European, and that this issue must be addressed. Much of
the theoretical debate up to now understates the normative power of
majority/state nationality, and overlooks the diverse societal and
political contexts that may condition multicultural debates in
different countries. Most seriously, such debate misses out the
central feature of the multicultural challenge in Western Europe
today: the assertion of religious-communal, especially Muslim,
identities in polities whose self image is secular. This book
argues, therefore, that a European theory must focus on different
normative and political dilemmas than a North American one and must
interrogate the claims for and against secularism.
"Multiculturalism and Citizenship" is truly interdisciplinary in
scope (combining sociological, political science and discourse
analytical themes) and thus presents a fresh and unique perspective
on multiculturalism and citizenship in Western Europe today. It
offers a comparative and coherent series of national case studies
by a diverse range of leading scholars in the field, which provide
a theoretical framework for the volume as a whole.
This is essential reading for advanced undergraduates, researchers
and policy makers interested in immigration, multiculturalism,
European integration, Islamic studies and ethnicities.
"Multiculturalism and Citizenship" investigates the European
dimension of multiculturalism and immigration. This book argues
that the political theory discourse of multiculturalism and
resulting policies in this area assume an interpretation of
liberalism that has developed from the American experience, rather
than the European, and that this issue must be addressed. Much of
the theoretical debate up to now understates the normative power of
majority/state nationality, and overlooks the diverse societal and
political contexts that may condition multicultural debates in
different countries. Most seriously, such debate misses out the
central feature of the multicultural challenge in Western Europe
today: the assertion of religious-communal, especially Muslim,
identities in polities whose self image is secular. This book
argues, therefore, that a European theory must focus on different
normative and political dilemmas than a North American one and must
interrogate the claims for and against secularism.
"Multiculturalism and Citizenship" is truly interdisciplinary in
scope (combining sociological, political science and discourse
analytical themes) and thus presents a fresh and unique perspective
on multiculturalism and citizenship in Western Europe today. It
offers a comparative and coherent series of national case studies
by a diverse range of leading scholars in the field, which provide
a theoretical framework for the volume as a whole.
This is essential reading for advanced undergraduates, researchers
and policy makers interested in immigration, multiculturalism,
European integration, Islamic studies and ethnicities.
This book questions whether the best way to deal with religious
diversity is to equalise upwards or downwards, what the obstacles
to a more egalitarian religious pluralism are, and what we can
learn from policies and practices in the Middle East and Asia where
religious plurality and the integration of religion in the public
space is the norm rather than the exception. The first part of the
book discusses the type and degree of secularism that is fit for
addressing the challenges of religious diversity that contemporary
western societies face at a theoretical or normative level, The
second part engages with the experiences of countries in Europe,
the Middle East, Asia and Oceania in their governance and
accommodation of diverse religious communities within a single
state.
Could lessons from Asia, Oceania and the Middle East help Europe
overcome the challenge of religious diversity? This book questions
whether the best way to deal with religious diversity is to
equalise upwards or downwards, what the obstacles to a more
egalitarian religious pluralism are, and what we can learn from
policies and practices in the Middle East and Asia where religious
plurality and the integration of religion in the public space is
the norm rather than the exception.The first part of the book
discusses the type and degree of secularism that is fit for
addressing the challenges of religious diversity that contemporary
western societies face at a theoretical or normative level, The
second part engages with the experiences of countries in Europe,
the Middle East, Asia and Oceania in their governance and
accommodation of diverse religious communities within a single
state. Key FeaturesBringing together scholars from political
theory, Islamic studies, sociology and law . Showcases high level
scholarship from around the world - a truly intercontinental volume
that disrupts the previous dominance of Euro- and West-centric
viewpoints and analyses. Distinguishes secularism from atheism and
democracy.
Bhikhu Parekh's work is widely regarded as amongst the most
original and significant contributions to the political theory of
multiculturalism. In this book, some of the leading theorists of
multiculturalism revisit aspects of Parekh's work both to underline
its continuing importance and the vitality of multiculturalist
theory. Some contributors locate Parekh in the tradition of British
pluralism or as inspired by Gandhi; some apply his theory to a
range of controversial contemporary multicultural dilemmas and
others extend it in new directions. Multiculturalism Rethought is
essential reading for students and scholars of multiculturalism.
And if you think multiculturalism no longer has anything to offer,
this book may lead you to reconsider.
Proposes a common European intellectual framework to evaluate
recent developments in European multiculturalism The heightened
security awareness in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and the London
and Madrid bombings has resulted in a 'crisis of multiculturalism'.
Now is the time to look at the renewed challenges that
multiculturalism faces today. Each chapter in this
interdisciplinary book reviews the actual state of affairs in
several countries in relation to the theories behind immigrant
minority claims. With a special focus on Muslim immigrants, the
contributors look at the value issues entrenched in
multiculturalism and the policy challenges and measures adopted to
address them. Key Features * Focuses on 7 European countries -
Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece and Spain *
Gives an overview of different approaches to multiculturalism *
Looks at issues of citizenship, diversity, civic recognition,
gender, religious diversity & education, integration,
anti-discrimination policies and social policy
Proposes a common European intellectual framework to evaluate
recent developments in European multiculturalism The heightened
security awareness in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and the London
and Madrid bombings has resulted in a 'crisis of multiculturalism'.
Now is the time to look at the renewed challenges that
multiculturalism faces today. Each chapter in this
interdisciplinary book reviews the actual state of affairs in
several countries in relation to the theories behind immigrant
minority claims. With a special focus on Muslim immigrants, the
contributors look at the value issues entrenched in
multiculturalism and the policy challenges and measures adopted to
address them. Key Features * Focuses on 7 European countries -
Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece and Spain *
Gives an overview of different approaches to multiculturalism *
Looks at issues of citizenship, diversity, civic recognition,
gender, religious diversity & education, integration,
anti-discrimination policies and social policy
This is an exploration of contemporary multicultural dilemmas
viewed through the lens of Bhikhu Parekh's political thought.
Bhikhu Parekh's contribution to the political theory of
multiculturalism is widely regarded as amongst the most original
and significant. In this book, some of the leading theorists of
multiculturalism revisit aspects of Parekh's work both to underline
its continuing importance and the vitality of multiculturalist
theory. While some contributors locate Parekh in the tradition of
British pluralism or as inspired by Gandhi, others apply his theory
to a range of controversial contemporary multicultural dilemmas and
other theorists extend it in new directions. Multiculturalism
Rethought is essential reading for students and scholars of
multiculturalism as well as those who think that multiculturalism
no longer has anything to offer.
Whether the recently settled religious minorities, Muslims, in
particular, can be accommodated as religious groups in European
countries has become a central political question and threatens to
create long-term fault lines. In this collection of essays, Tariq
Modood argues that to grasp the nature of the problem we have to
see how Muslims have become a target of a cultural racism,
Islamophobia. Yet, the problem is not just one of anti-racism but
of an understanding of multicultural citizenship, of how minority
identities, including those formed by race, ethnicity and religion,
can be incorporated into national identities so all can have a
sense of belonging together. This means that the tendency amongst
some to exclude religious identities from public institutions and
the re-making of national identities has to be challenged. Modood
suggests that this can be done in a principled yet pragmatic way by
drawing on Western Europe's moderate political secularism and
eschewing forms of secularism that offer religious groups a
second-class citizenship.
If, as W. E. B. Du Bois observed, the problem of the twentieth
century was the problem of the color line, the problem of the
twenty-first century may be one that reaches back to premodernity:
religious identity. Even before 9/11 it was becoming evident that
Muslims, not blacks, were perceived as the "other" most threatening
to Western society, even in a relatively pluralist nation such as
Britain. In Multcultural Politics, one of the most respected
thinkers on ethnic minority experience in England describes how
what began as a black-white division has been complicated by
cultural racism, Islamophobia, and a challenge to secular
modernity. Tariq Modood explores the tensions that have risen among
advocates of multiculturalism as Muslims assert themselves to catch
up with existing equality agendas while challenging some of the
secularist, liberal, and feminist assumptions of multiculturalists.
If an Islam-West divide is to be avoided in our time, Modood
suggests, then Britain, with its relatively successful ethnic
pluralism and its easygoing attitude toward religion, will provide
a particularly revealing case and promising site for understanding.
This volume explores some of the tensions and pressures of
citizenship in Western liberal democracies. Citizenship has adopted
many guises in the Western context, although historically
citizenship is attached only to some variant of democracy. How
democracy is configured is thus at the core of citizenship.
Beginning in ancient Greece, citizenship is attached to the notion
of a public sphere of deliberation, open only to a small number of
males. Nonetheless, we take from these origins an understanding of
citizenship that is attached to friendship, preservation of a
distinct community, and adherence to law. These early conceptions
of citizenship in the west have been dramatically altered in the
modern context by the ascendancy of individual rights and equality,
expanding the inclusiveness of definition of citizenship. The
universality of rights claims has led to debate about the
legitimacy of the nation state and questioning of borders. A
further development in our understanding of citizenship, and one
that has shifted citizenship studies considerably in the last few
decades, is the backlash against the universalism of rights in the
defense of cultural recognition within democratic polities.
Multiculturalism as a broad spectrum of citizenship studies defends
the autonomy and recognition of cultural, and sometimes religious,
identity within an overarching scheme of rights and equality. This
collection draws upon the many threads of citizenship in the
Western tradition to consider how all of them are still extant, and
contentious, in contemporary liberal democracy.
As religion has become more visible in public life, with closer
relations of co-operation with government as well as a force in
some political campaigns, its place in public life has become more
contested. Fudged compromises of the past are giving way to a
desire for clear lines and moral principles. This book brings the
disciplines of law, sociology, politics and theology into
conversation with one anther to shed light on the questions thrown
up by 'religion in a liberal state'. It discusses practical
problems in a British context, such as the accommodation of
religious dress, discrimination against sexual minorities and state
support for historic religions; considers legal frameworks of
equality and human rights; and elucidates leading ideas of
neutrality, pluralism, secularism and public reason. Fundamentally,
it asks what it means to be liberal in a world in which religious
diversity is becoming more present and more problematic.
The Islamist attacks of 9/11, the Danish cartoon affair and rioting
by Muslim youths in France are just some of the events that have
caused the 'Muslim question' to become a key issue of public debate
in many western democracies. Secularism, Religion and Multicultural
Citizenship argues that the Muslim case raises important questions
about how we understand western secularism and respond to new
religious claims in multicultural democracies. The contributors
challenge prevailing assumptions about the history and practice of
western secularism and recover the pragmatism behind liberal
principles in negotiating new conditions. By situating the Muslim
experience in relation to western secularism and liberal democratic
practice, and through examining a variety of national contexts
(including Britain, Germany, France, Denmark, the United States,
Australia and India), this book extends thinking about our
contemporary condition and considers the broader significance for
multicultural liberal democracies.
This major comparative study of the social mobility of ethnic
minorities in the US and UK argues that social mobility must be
understood as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon,
incorporating the wealth and income of groups, but also their
political power and social recognition. Written by leading
sociologists, economists, political scientists, geographers, and
philosophers in both countries, the volume addresses issues as
diverse as education, work and employment, residential
concentration, political mobilisation, public policy and social
networks, while drawing larger lessons about the meaning of race
and inequality in the two countries. While finding that there are
important similarities in the experience of ethnic, and especially
immigrant, groups in the two countries, the volume also concludes
that the differences between the US and UK, especially in the case
of American blacks, are equally important.
This interdisciplinary collection addresses the position of
minorities in democratic societies, with a particular focus on
minority rights and recognition. For the first time, it brings
together leading international authorities on ethnicity,
nationalism and minority rights from both social and political
theory, with the specific aim of fostering further debate between
the disciplines. In their introduction, the editors explore the
ways in which politics and sociology can complement each other in
unravelling the many contradictory aspects of complex phenomena
Topics addressed by include the constructed nature of ethnicity,
its relation to class and to 'new racism', different forms of
nationalism, self determination and indigenous politics, the
politics of recognition versus the politics of redistribution, and
the re-emergence of cosmopolitanism. This book is essential reading
for all those involved in the study of ethnicity, nationalism and
minority rights. NOT FINISHED
Five centuries after the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain,
Europe is once again becoming a land of Islam. At the beginning of
a new millennium, and in an era marked as one of globalization,
Europe continues to wrestle with the issue of national identity,
especially in the context of its Muslim citizens. Muslim Europe or
Euro-Islam brings together distinguished scholars from Europe, the
United States, and the Middle East in a dynamic discussion about
the Muslim populations living in Europe and about Europe's role in
framing Islam today. The book raises several crucial questions:
Does Islam offer a special case for citizenship? Is assimilation or
multiculturalism the model to be followed in the case of Muslims in
Europe? How powerful a force is Islam in determining identity? And
why is Islam--after centuries of being a presence in Europe--not
considered a European religion? Working at the knotty intersection
of cultural identity, the politics of nations and nationalisms, and
religious persuasions, this is an invaluable anthology of
scholarship that reveals the multifaceted natures of both Europe
and Islam.
Europe has become a novel experiment in multiple, tiered and
mediated multiculturalisms. It is now a supranational community of
cultures, sub-cultures and trans-cultures inserted differentially
into radically different political cultural traditions. The
consequences of this re-imagining and re-making of a new Europe are
variously seen to be threatening or utopian. In a post-Communist,
post-national era, multiculturalism has been theorized as a
paternalistic, top-down solution to the 'problem' of minorities, a
dangerous reification of 'culture', or a new way forward to a
politics of 'recognition' and 'authenticity'.
But is multiculturalism simply a novel project of social
engineering, devised for the twenty-first century by well-meaning
liberals or communitarians? The authors of this book reject this
view by demonstrating that multiculturalism is the political
outcome of ongoing power struggles and collective negotiations of
cultural, ethnic and racial differences.
Europe has become a novel experiment in multiple, tiered and
mediated multiculturalisms. It is now a supranational community of
cultures, sub-cultures and trans-cultures inserted differentially
into radically different political cultural traditions. The
consequences of this re-imagining and re-making of a new Europe are
variously seen to be threatening or utopian. In a post-Communist,
post-national era, multiculturalism has been theorized as a
paternalistic, top-down solution to the 'problem' of minorities, a
dangerous reification of 'culture', or a new way forward to a
politics of 'recognition' and 'authenticity'.
But is multiculturalism simply a novel project of social
engineering, devised for the twenty-first century by well-meaning
liberals or communitarians? The authors of this book reject this
view by demonstrating that multiculturalism is the political
outcome of ongoing power struggles and collective negotiations of
cultural, ethnic and racial differences.
Whether the recently settled religious minorities, Muslims, in
particular, can be accommodated as religious groups in European
countries has become a central political question and threatens to
create long-term fault lines. In this collection of essays, Tariq
Modood argues that to grasp the nature of the problem we have to
see how Muslims have become a target of a cultural racism,
Islamophobia. Yet, the problem is not just one of anti-racism but
of an understanding of multicultural citizenship, of how minority
identities, including those formed by race, ethnicity and religion,
can be incorporated into national identities so all can have a
sense of belonging together. This means that the tendency amongst
some to exclude religious identities from public institutions and
the re-making of national identities has to be challenged. Modood
suggests that this can be done in a principled yet pragmatic way by
drawing on Western Europe's moderate political secularism and
eschewing forms of secularism that offer religious groups a
second-class citizenship.
How should different states reconcile ethnic, cultural and
religious diversity to forge unity? In recent years,
interculturalism has emerged as a possible alternative to
prevailing approaches of multiculturalism. But how is
interculturalism different from multiculturalism, and is one
approach better than the other? This collection brings together
leading proponents of intercultural and multicultural theory and
practice from Europe and North America to address this question.
Why is it still so difficult to negotiate differences across
cultures? In what ways does racism continue to strike at the
foundations of multiculturalism? Bringing together some of the
world's most influential postcolonial theorists, this classic
collection examines the place and meaning of cultural hybridity in
the context of growing global crisis, xenophobia and racism.
Starting from the reality that personal identities are
multicultural identities, Debating Cultural Hybridity illuminates
the complexity and the flexibility of culture and identity,
defining their potential openness as well as their closures, to
show why anti-racism and multiculturalism are today still such hard
roads to travel.
The Islamist attacks of 9/11, the Danish cartoon affair and rioting
by Muslim youths in France are just some of the events that have
caused the 'Muslim question' to become a key issue of public debate
in many western democracies. Secularism, Religion and Multicultural
Citizenship argues that the Muslim case raises important questions
about how we understand western secularism and respond to new
religious claims in multicultural democracies. The contributors
challenge prevailing assumptions about the history and practice of
western secularism and recover the pragmatism behind liberal
principles in negotiating new conditions. By situating the Muslim
experience in relation to western secularism and liberal democratic
practice, and through examining a variety of national contexts
(including Britain, Germany, France, Denmark, the United States,
Australia and India), this book extends thinking about our
contemporary condition and considers the broader significance for
multicultural liberal democracies.
This interdisciplinary collection addresses the position of
minorities in democratic societies, with a particular focus on
minority rights and recognition. For the first time, it brings
together leading international authorities on ethnicity,
nationalism and minority rights from both social and political
theory, with the specific aim of fostering further debate between
the disciplines. In their introduction, the editors explore the
ways in which politics and sociology can complement each other in
unravelling the many contradictory aspects of complex phenomena.
Topics addressed include the constructed nature of ethnicity, its
relation to class and to 'new racism', different forms of
nationalism, self determination and indigenous politics, the
politics of recognition versus the politics of redistribution, and
the re-emergence of cosmopolitanism. This book is essential reading
for all those involved in the study of ethnicity, nationalism and
minority rights.
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