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This book presents the findings of recent theoretical and
experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans and
lithosphere, discussing their interactions, environmental issues,
geology, problems related to human impacts on the environment, and
methods of geophysical research. It particularly focuses on the
geomechanical aspects of the production of hydrocarbons, including
the laborious extraction of oils. Furthermore, it includes
contributions on ecological problems of the biosphere. This book
corresponds to the English edition of the "Processes in GeoMedia,"
a Russian academic journal focused on new theoretical and
experimental studies of the Earth's processes.
This book presents the findings of recent theoretical and
experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans, and
lithosphere, discussing their interactions, geology. methods of
geophysical research, and environmental problems resulting from
human impacts. Particularly focusing on the geomechanical aspects
of the production of hydrocarbons, including the laborious
extraction of oils, it also includes contributions on ecological
problems related to the biosphere.
This book presents the findings of recent theoretical and
experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans and
lithosphere, discussing their interactions, environmental issues,
geology, problems related to human impacts on the environment, and
methods of geophysical research. It particularly focuses on the
geomechanical aspects of the production of hydrocarbons, including
the laborious extraction of oils. Furthermore, it includes
contributions on ecological problems of the biosphere. This book
corresponds to the English edition of the "Processes in GeoMedia,"
a Russian academic journal focused on new theoretical and
experimental studies of the Earth's processes.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of hydroacoustics and
describes the physical basis of acoustic processes observed in the
sea. In addition, it discusses the basic concepts and provides
simplified models of sound propagation and acoustic phenomena at
the boundary between environments. Lastly, the book examines in
detail a number of applications of ocean acoustics and methods. The
ocean is the last reserve of natural resources. It is also an
essential element in the biosphere, ensuring the latter's balance,
and plays a pivotal role in the Earth's climate system and global
warming. Consequently, studying the ocean is one of humankind's
most critical scientific tasks, but penetrating its mysteries is no
mean feat. Acoustics (hydroacoustics) is one of the most powerful
tools for examining the water layer and beyond, since sound waves
are the only type of radiation that can propagate over distances of
hundreds and even thousands of kilometers in the ocean. This unique
resource appeals to specialists working in the fields of ocean and
atmosphere physics, students and postgraduate students studying sea
physics and oceanology, and anyone who is interested in the
problems the ocean is currently facing.
This book presents the findings of recent theoretical and
experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans, and
lithosphere, discussing their interactions, geology. methods of
geophysical research, and environmental problems resulting from
human impacts. Particularly focusing on the geomechanical aspects
of the production of hydrocarbons, including the laborious
extraction of oils, it also includes contributions on ecological
problems related to the biosphere.
This book corresponds to the fourth volume of the series focused on
Processes in GeoMedia and their research on the dynamic of natural
systems - geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and their
interactions-, the human contribution to naturally occurring
processes are among the most urgent and essential scientific
problems. The widespread introduction of computer technology has
allowed calculating complex phenomena, previously unavailable for
analysis. The creation and improvement of a new generation of
geophysical instruments, remote observing systems based on the
ship, aircraft, and satellite allow obtaining a large amount of
data to reflect the broad picture of the processes objectively. The
articles included in this book also reflect a critical position in
laboratory modeling of research in geo-environments and testing.
This book describes a comprehensive selection of ocean processes
such as wave phenomena (surface, internal gravitational, and
acoustic waves), the influence of surfactants and pollutants on the
aquatic environment's dynamics, the models of the stratified
natural environment, convective phenomena in the ocean, and the
interaction of wave and convective processes. Finally, this book
dedicates the last section to unsolved problems in the physics of
anomalous waves. Most of the chapters present the most hegemonic
theories but also they introduce the revulsive ideas based on
alternative approaches. The underlying mathematical models are
scientifically justified both at the physical and formal
mathematical levels. In all known limiting cases lead to well-known
classical results. They are in good agreement with experimental
data. Several sections show the application of developed approaches
to the description of natural phenomena. The book is of interest to
specialists working in the field of ocean physics, as well as
undergraduate and graduate students specializing in marine physics
and oceanography.
This book corresponds to the fifth volume of the series focused on
Processes in GeoMedia and their research on the dynamic of natural
systems, including theoretical and experimental studies of the
processes occurring in the earth's bowels, the ocean, and the
atmosphere. This volume pays particular attention to geomechanical
aspects of the production of hydrocarbons. This fifth volume of
Processes in GeoMedia corresponds to the English edition of the
journal Processes in GeoMedia, published originally in Russian.
This book considers the formation of the signal reflected from the
sea surface when sensing in the radio and optical range. Currently,
remote sensing from space is the main source of information about
the processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean. The correct
interpretation of remote sensing data requires detailed information
about the rough surface that forms the reflected signal. The first
three chapters describe the statistical and spatial-temporal
characteristics of the sea surface, focusing on the effects
associated with the nonlinearity of sea surface waves. The analysis
makes extensive use of data obtained by the authors on a stationary
oceanographic platform located on the Black sea. In the next seven
chapters, the authors analyze how the nonlinearity of waves affects
the formation of a signal reflected from the sea surface.This book
is geared for advanced level research in the general subject area
of remote sensing and modeling as they apply to the coastal marine
environment. It is of value to scientists and engineers involved in
the development of methods and instruments of remote sensing,
analysis and interpretation of data. It is useful for students who
have decided to devote themselves to the study of the oceans.
This book describes a comprehensive selection of ocean processes
such as wave phenomena (surface, internal gravitational, and
acoustic waves), the influence of surfactants and pollutants on the
aquatic environment's dynamics, the models of the stratified
natural environment, convective phenomena in the ocean, and the
interaction of wave and convective processes. Finally, this book
dedicates the last section to unsolved problems in the physics of
anomalous waves. Most of the chapters present the most hegemonic
theories but also they introduce the revulsive ideas based on
alternative approaches. The underlying mathematical models are
scientifically justified both at the physical and formal
mathematical levels. In all known limiting cases lead to well-known
classical results. They are in good agreement with experimental
data. Several sections show the application of developed approaches
to the description of natural phenomena. The book is of interest to
specialists working in the field of ocean physics, as well as
undergraduate and graduate students specializing in marine physics
and oceanography.
This book provides information on the causes, consequences, and
possible solutions to modern environmental problems associated with
ocean pollution with a particular focus on the Back Sea. The oceans
are a vast but fragile complex. In recent decades, it has become
especially manifest when ocean pollution has reached an
unparalleled situation. Meanwhile, not only the well-being of
ecosystems depends on the state of ocean waters, but human
civilization largely depends on the oceans as a consequence of
environmental dependence. This book examines the consequences of
pollutants such as oil and hydrocarbon products (including plastics
and microplastics), water acidification, sewage, wastewaters
discharge into the ocean, thermal pollution, nuclear pollution, and
biological pollution. Beyond the types of pollutants and their
consequences, this book outlines the state of the art of the legal
situation internationally regarding ocean pollution. The authors
also show the current pollution of the inland seas, taking as an
example of the Black Sea (anthropogenic and natural sources of
pollution, its shelf, and shallow waters as well as international
legislation). A part of the book analyzes the main types of
environmental monitoring of the oceans and their role in solving
ocean pollution problems with a particular interest in the Black
Sea. The book is of interest to specialists in ocean pollution,
ecologists, oceanologists, students, and graduate students studying
oceanography, marine ecology, current methods of environmental
monitoring, and legal problems related to the oceans and seas
pollution, as well as to anyone interested in modern problems of
the oceans.
This book considers the formation of the signal reflected from the
sea surface when sensing in the radio and optical range. Currently,
remote sensing from space is the main source of information about
the processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean. The correct
interpretation of remote sensing data requires detailed information
about the rough surface that forms the reflected signal. The first
three chapters describe the statistical and spatial-temporal
characteristics of the sea surface, focusing on the effects
associated with the nonlinearity of sea surface waves. The analysis
makes extensive use of data obtained by the authors on a stationary
oceanographic platform located on the Black sea. In the next seven
chapters, the authors analyze how the nonlinearity of waves affects
the formation of a signal reflected from the sea surface.This book
is geared for advanced level research in the general subject area
of remote sensing and modeling as they apply to the coastal marine
environment. It is of value to scientists and engineers involved in
the development of methods and instruments of remote sensing,
analysis and interpretation of data. It is useful for students who
have decided to devote themselves to the study of the oceans.
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