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Crude oil extraction in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria generates
96% of all foreign earnings and 85% of state revenues, making it
crucial to the survival of the Nigerian state. Several generations
of state neglect, corruption and mismanagement have ensured that
the Delta region is one of the most socio-economically and
politically deprived in the country. By the late 1990s there was a
frightening proliferation of armed gangs and insurgent groups.
Illegal oil bunkering, pipeline vandalism, disruption of oil
production activities, riots, and demonstrations intensified and in
2003, insurgents began kidnapping oil workers at a frenetic pace.
In late 2005, an uber-insurgent movement 'organization' was formed
in Nigeria. Christened the Movement for the Emancipation of the
Niger Delta (MEND), it operates as an amorphous, multifaceted
amalgam of insurgent groups with an unprecedented clinical
precision in execution of intents. By focussing on kidnappings that
are putatively connected to the struggle for emancipating the Niger
Delta, Oriola makes the case for analysing MEND as a social
movement organization, rather than a terrorist or criminal gang by
showing how political processes shape kidnappings in the Delta. The
use of violent repertoires of contention has not garnered
sufficient attention in the social movement literature, despite the
fact that that around the world, many similar groups are adopting
violent tactics without necessarily eschewing non-violent
techniques. Based on multi-actor research, including interviews and
focus group discussions with community members, military
authorities, 42 ex-insurgents directly involved in illegal oil
bunkering and kidnapping, and official email statements from 'Jomo
Gbomo', the spokesperson of MEND, this book will be of interest to
sociologists, political scientists and peace and security studies
scholars.
Crude oil extraction in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria generates
96% of all foreign earnings and 85% of state revenues, making it
crucial to the survival of the Nigerian state. Several generations
of state neglect, corruption and mismanagement have ensured that
the Delta region is one of the most socio-economically and
politically deprived in the country. By the late 1990s there was a
frightening proliferation of armed gangs and insurgent groups.
Illegal oil bunkering, pipeline vandalism, disruption of oil
production activities, riots, and demonstrations intensified and in
2003, insurgents began kidnapping oil workers at a frenetic pace.
In late 2005, an uber-insurgent movement 'organization' was formed
in Nigeria. Christened the Movement for the Emancipation of the
Niger Delta (MEND), it operates as an amorphous, multifaceted
amalgam of insurgent groups with an unprecedented clinical
precision in execution of intents. By focussing on kidnappings that
are putatively connected to the struggle for emancipating the Niger
Delta, Oriola makes the case for analysing MEND as a social
movement organization, rather than a terrorist or criminal gang by
showing how political processes shape kidnappings in the Delta. The
use of violent repertoires of contention has not garnered
sufficient attention in the social movement literature, despite the
fact that that around the world, many similar groups are adopting
violent tactics without necessarily eschewing non-violent
techniques. Based on multi-actor research, including interviews and
focus group discussions with community members, military
authorities, 42 ex-insurgents directly involved in illegal oil
bunkering and kidnapping, and official email statements from 'Jomo
Gbomo', the spokesperson of MEND, this book will be of interest to
sociologists, political scientists and peace and security studies
scholars.
This book investigates the devastating impacts of the Boko Haram
terrorist campaign in Nigeria, reflecting on the group's historical
context, organizational dynamics, and emerging trajectories. Since
its inception in 2002, Boko Haram's terrorist campaign has become
one of the major threats to security and human development in West
Africa, killing tens of thousands of people, and displacing many
more. This book reflects on the origins and development of Boko
Haram, contextualizing it in the global trend of militant Islamist
movements. It delves into the tactics of the organization, their
deployment of sexual and gender- based violence against women and
human rights abuses in the war against them. The war against Boko
Haram has seen engagement from the international community,
national and regional military operations, and also a range of
civilian- led movements. This book reflects on the roles of these
different actors, and the emerging trajectories that need to be
considered in order to eradicate Boko Haram. Drawing on a range of
disciplinary perspectives, this book will be of interest to
researchers across the fi elds of sociology, political science,
African studies, and peace and conflict studies.
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