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In these firsthand accounts of the early church, the spirit of
Pentecost burns with prophetic force through the fog enveloping the
modern church. A clear and vibrant faith lives on in these
writings, providing a guide for Christians today. Its stark
simplicity and revolutionary fervor will stun those lulled by
conventional Christianity. The Early Christians is a topically
arranged collection of primary sources. It includes extra-biblical
sayings of Jesus and excerpts from Origen, Tertullian, Polycarp,
Clement of Alexandria, Justin, Irenaeus, Hermas, Ignatius, and
others. Equally revealing material from pagan contemporaries -
critics, detractors, and persecutors - is included as well.
The African Q. Septimus Florens Tertullianus (ca. 150-222 CE), the
great Christian writer, was born a soldier's son at Carthage,
educated in Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and medicine,
studied law and became a pleader, remaining a clever and often
tortuous arguer. At Rome he became a learned and militant
Christian. After a visit to churches in Greece (and Asia Minor?) he
returned to Carthage and in his writings there founded a Christian
Latin language and literature, toiling to fuse enthusiasm with
reason; to unite the demands of the Bible with the practice of the
Church; and to continue to vindicate the Church's possession of the
true doctrine in the face of unbelievers, Jews, Gnostics, and
others. In some of his many works he defended Christianity, in
others he attacked heretical people and beliefs; in others he dealt
with morals. In this volume we present "Apologeticus" and "De
Spectaculis."
Of Minucius, an early Christian writer of unknown date, we have
only "Octavius," a vigorous and readable debate between an
unbeliever and a Christian friend of Minucius, Octavius Ianuarius,
a lawyer sitting on the seashore at Ostia. Minucius himself acts as
presiding judge. Octavius wins the argument. The whole work
presents a picture of social and religious conditions in Rome,
apparently about the end of the second century.
Quintus Tertullian (c. 160-c. 220) is distinguished by being the
first major Christian thinker to write in the Latin language.
According to Eusebius, he was raised in Carthage, the son of a
Roman centurion. Following his conversion to the faith, he became
an impassioned defender of the rights of Christians. Origen
Adamantius (c. 185-254) taught in Alexandria, reviving the
catechetical school of Alexandria in which Clement of Alexandria
had taught. His translations, commentaries, and theological works
mark him as one of the finest minds of early Christianity. John
Cassian (c. 360-435), born in Europe, first joined a monastery in
Palestine and then traveled to Egypt to learn from the Desert
Fathers. After his return to Europe, he founded a monastery in
southern France. His writings would eventually influence St.
Benedict, who recommended Cassian's texts to his monks. All three
writers in this collection offer reflections on the Lord's Prayer,
together with practical advice for prayer. This common ground
provides a basis for comparisons, along with a rich picture of
Christian spirituality in the ancient world. At the same time, the
authors address questions about prayer that are still relevant
today.
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On Idolatry
Tertullian of Carthage; Translated by S. Thelwall
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