During public health emergencies (PHEs) involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats or emerging infectious diseases, medical countermeasures (MCMs) (e.g., drugs, vaccines, devices) may need to be dispensed or administered to affected populations to help mitigate the human health impact of the threat. The optimal MCMs determined for use during an emergency might be U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved but used in unapproved ways (e.g., in a new age group or against a new agent); FDA approved using animal models because human efficacy testing is not ethical or feasible; or not yet FDA approved for any indication. As part of the United States' scientific and research preparedness enterprise, there is an imperative to go "beyond the last mile" of MCM dispensing and administration to build and maintain a national capability to monitor and assess the use of MCMs (e.g., safety, compliance, clinical benefit) after they have been dispensed during PHEs. To further the discussion on this need, the Board on Health Sciences Policy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a 2-day public workshop, Building a National Capability to Monitor and Assess Medical Countermeasure Use in Response to Public Health Emergencies. The workshop, sponsored by FDA, was held on June 6?7, 2017, in Washington, DC. Workshop participants discussed the roles and efforts of the federal government and of relevant stakeholders with an interest in building and maintaining a national PHE MCM active monitoring and assessment capability. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Setting the Stage: Defining Terminologies and Sharing Stakeholder Perspectives 3 Data Needs, Data Sources, and Collection Methodologies for Stakeholder Decision Making 4 Considerations for Conducting Rapid Clinical Research on MCMs During a PHE 5 Inspiring Collective Action: Perspectives from Federal Stakeholders and Reflections from Individual Workshop Participants Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators

In October 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted a workshop to explore sustainable financing structures that reflect a recognition of the health and non-health factors that shape the well-being of U.S. communities. The goals of the workshop were to learn from the long-term, sustainable financing strategies used in other sectors, to explore how those approaches could be applied to population health, and to consider structures that work across sectors. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Sustainable Financing Structures for Population Health: Historical Patterns and Insights for the Future 3 Case Example 1: Justice Reinvestment 4 Case Example 2: Clean Energy Financing 5 Realigning Resources for Population Health: Small Group Conversations 6 Reflections on the Workshop Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Sustainable Financing Structures for Population Health: Historical Patterns and Insights for the Future: Commissioned Paper Appendix D: Speaker Biographical Sketches

In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to explore the basic and translational research needs for population health science, and to discuss specific research priorities and actions to foster population health improvement. The workshop was designed to provide frameworks for understanding population health research and its role in shaping and having an effect on population health, identify individual and institutional facilitators and challenges regarding the production, communication, and use of research for population health improvement, and identify key areas for future research critical to the advancement of population health improvement. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Setting the Context 3 Research in Practice: Opportunities and Challenges 4 Building a Population Health Research Agenda: Views from the Field 5 Population Health Research Priorities: Perspectives from Users of Research 6 Toward a Research Agenda for Population Health Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Suggested Readings for Krieger Presentation (Chapter 2) Appendix D: Results from a University of Michigan Survey Regarding Priorities for Population Health Research Appendix E: Speaker Biographies

Emerging infectious disease threats that may not have available treatments or vaccines can directly affect the security of the world's health since these diseases also know no boundaries and will easily cross borders. Sustaining public and private investment in the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) before an emerging infectious disease becomes a public health emergency in the United States has been extremely challenging. Interest and momentum peak during a crisis and wane between events, and there is little interest in disease threats outside the United States until they impact people stateside. On March 26 and 27, 2015, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop in Washington, DC to discuss how to achieve rapid and nimble MCM capability for new and emerging threats. Public- and private-sector stakeholders examined recent efforts to prepare for and respond to outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease, pandemic influenza, and coronaviruses from policy, budget, and operational standpoints. Participants discussed the need for rapid access to MCM to ensure national security and considered strategies and business models that could enhance stakeholder interest and investment in sustainable response capabilities. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 A Wake-Up Call: The 2014 Ebola Outbreak Response 3 Preparedness as an Issue of National Security 4 Rapid Development of Ebola Vaccines 5 Influenza Risk Assessment and Pandemic Preparedness 6 Developing MCMs for Coronaviruses 7 Sustainable Business Models to Ensure Rapid and Nimble Responses 8 Supporting MCM Development Across Threats and Funding Cycles A References B Acronyms and Abbreviations C Statement of Task D Agenda E Biosketches of Invited Speakers and Facilitators

Health systems and assets are a large part of the critical infrastructure of any community and are vital not only for the safety and well-being of its citizens, but also for the economic vitality, quality of life, and livelihood of the entire community. As part of its ongoing mission to foster dialogue among stakeholders and to confront the challenges inherent in ensuring the nation's health security, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events sponsored a town hall session at the 2012 Public Health Preparedness Summit. This event took place February 21-24 in Anaheim, California. In this session sponsored by the IOM, the focus of discussion was sustaining health care delivery beyond the initial response to a disaster and facilitating the full long-term recovery of the local health care delivery systems. Many elements required for recovery are also fundamental to the day-to-day operations of these systems. Investing in improved health care delivery systems, both financially and through collaborative capacity building, can enhance economic development and growth before a disaster, and also prove instrumental in sustaining services and recovering after a disaster. Post-Incident Recovery Considerations of the Health Care Service Delivery Infrastructure serves as a summary of the session and explains the value of regional capacity building; the importance of interagency, intergovernmental, and public-private collaboration; and the significant role that health care coalitions can play in ensuring resilient communities and national health security. Table of Contents Front Matter Workshop Summary Appendix A: Workshop Statement of Task Appendix B: Agenda Appendix C: Speaker Biographies