This volume contains 22 papers from the fourth Red Sea conference which take archaeological approaches to the study of connectivity in the Red Sea area across a wide timespan. Essays are grouped in five sections: ancient peoples of the Red Sea; the southern hinterlands: Eritrea and Yemen; a transitional sea: the Late Antique and Early Islamic Red Sea; people, ports and products: the medieval Red Sea; and travelling the Red Sea: pilgrimage, navigation and seafaring.