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At the end of the High Middle Ages in Europe, with buying power and
economic sophistication at a high, an itinerary detailing the toll
stations along a commercial artery carrying eastern goods (from
China, India and Iran) towards Europe was compiled, and later
incorporated in the well-known trading manual of the Florentine
bank official Pegolotti; Pegolotti was twice stationed in the city
of Famagusta in Cyprus, which lay opposite the city of Ayas where
the land route ended. The Il-Khanid capital, Tabriz in Iran,
attracting expensive merchandise such as spices and silk from a
variety of origins, was the road's starting-point. To demonstrate
the importance of the route in its own time, parallel and
contemporary routes in the Black Sea and the Levant are traced and
the effect of trade on their cities noted. To compare the Ayas
itinerary (1250s to 1330s) with previous periods the networks of
commercial avenues in the previous period (1100-1250) and the
subsequent one (1340s to 1500) are reconstructed. In each period
the connection of east-west trade with the main movements of the
European economy are fully drawn out, and the effects on the
building history of the three main Italian cities concerned
(Venice, Genoa and Florence) are sketched. Attention then turns to
the Pegolotti itinerary itself. The individual toll stations are
identified employing a variety of means, such as names taken from
the Roman itineraries (Peutinger Table and Antonine Itinerary) and
archaeological data; this allows the course of the track to be
followed through diverse topography to the city of Sivas, then
across plains and through passes to Erzurum and finally to Tabriz.
A picture is drawn of the urban history of each major city,
including Sivas, Erzurum and Tabriz itself, and of the other towns
along the route.
The history of humankind is intimately tied to the history of
agriculture: powerful societies rose, persisted and waned in
parallel with their food supply systems. Describing what crops were
grown, the constraints on their production and the foods that were
obtained, this book traces the impact of cropping and food
preparation in ten societies that were among the most powerful and
influential in history, detailing how technology varied and
developed as it related directly to agriculture and food
production. The book covers the background of agricultural
development, early agricultural societies, and the advancement of
technology from the ancient Greeks and Romans to the present. It
finishes by addressing the implications for the future of
agriculture and food supply as grain production moves towards
biofuels. A compelling text for all those interested in the history
of society and civilisations, global agriculture, and what it means
for the future, this text is also an essential reference for
students of agriculture, food technology, history and anthropology.
Production of food fibre and fuel is vital for humanity, and as the
world population continues to rise, demands on these resources is
ever increasing. In a context of growing worldwide concern about
sustainability and environmental impacts of cropland, grassland and
forestry practices, this textbook provides an introduction to the
processes that define the ecology and environment of plant
production. Core principles are examined such as soil-plant
relationships, genetic manipulation and diversity, yield and water
requirements, as well as physical factors such as solar radiation,
temperature and weather. Fully updated with new chapters on climate
change and biofuels, this edition is an important text for students
and researchers in agronomy, forestry, botany, ecology and
environmental sciences. Praise for the first edition: 'I highly
recommend this book for undergraduate students in plant production
courses. It is easy to read, well-structured and of high scientific
level...also useful for a more general readership' Scientia
Horticulturae
At the end of the High Middle Ages in Europe, with buying power and
economic sophistication at a high, an itinerary detailing the toll
stations along a commercial artery carrying eastern goods (from
China, India and Iran) towards Europe was compiled, and later
incorporated in the well-known trading manual of the Florentine
bank official Pegolotti; Pegolotti was twice stationed in the city
of Famagusta in Cyprus, which lay opposite the city of Ayas where
the land route ended. The Il-Khanid capital, Tabriz in Iran,
attracting expensive merchandise such as spices and silk from a
variety of origins, was the road's starting-point. To demonstrate
the importance of the route in its own time, parallel and
contemporary routes in the Black Sea and the Levant are traced and
the effect of trade on their cities noted. To compare the Ayas
itinerary (1250s to 1330s) with previous periods the networks of
commercial avenues in the previous period (1100-1250) and the
subsequent one (1340s to 1500) are reconstructed. In each period
the connection of east-west trade with the main movements of the
European economy are fully drawn out, and the effects on the
building history of the three main Italian cities concerned
(Venice, Genoa and Florence) are sketched. Attention then turns to
the Pegolotti itinerary itself. The individual toll stations are
identified employing a variety of means, such as names taken from
the Roman itineraries (Peutinger Table and Antonine Itinerary) and
archaeological data; this allows the course of the track to be
followed through diverse topography to the city of Sivas, then
across plains and through passes to Erzurum and finally to Tabriz.
A picture is drawn of the urban history of each major city,
including Sivas, Erzurum and Tabriz itself, and of the other towns
along the route.
Drought remains the biggest single threat from climate change to
the production of key cereal crops, such as wheat and barley.
Cereals also respond in complex ways to drought stress, making
improved drought tolerance a challenging trait to achieve. With
many cereals recognised as staple food crops due to their
nutritional value, more research is required into improving drought
tolerance as a means of ensuring the future food security of
millions. Developing drought-resistant cereals reviews the wealth
of research which addresses how to overcome this challenge in order
to mitigate climate change effects in cereal production. This
collection details our understanding of the mechanisms of drought
tolerance, as well as the development of techniques for improving
resistance, including phenotyping, genome-wide association studies
(GWAS) and genome editing.
Global food production and climate change among other concerns are
societal issues that require major research input from crop
science. While suggestions are abundant on how crop science can
help to resolve these issues, many of the suggestions come from
people who are not actually familiar with the challenges and
requirements to modify crop plants grown under field conditions to
achieve the necessary improvements. Efforts to alter a gene or even
several genes have very rarely proven successful in having impact
on crop production under realistic field conditions. This lack of
success has not been addressed head on. This book serves as a
reminder to crop scientists and others that open, clear-minded
assessments of the entirety of evidence concerning a hypothesis is
required before making claims of possible increases in crop
performance. This attitude of skepticism is not a negative attitude
but rather an employment of the cornerstone of scientific
investigation based on formation and evaluation of hypotheses.
Skeptical analyses are to be presented in the book on some of the
common suggestions for improving crop plants. The six specific
topics to be addressed are photosynthesis, seed number, nitrogen
use efficiency, water use efficiency, crop water loss, and
unconfirmed field observations. Each of the topics in this book,
will first be reviewed to present the origins of the popular
assumptions about how specific plant modification will result in
improved crop performance. The review of the background information
will be followed by an examination of the evidence, logic, and
predicted outcomes for the assumed benefits of the modifications.
Finally, each chapter will offer novel, alternate approaches to
plant modification that have documented support for positively
impacting crop performance. The book will not be written in
specialized, detail language but offer access for those with a wide
range of interests in options for increasing crop production in the
future. The goal of the book is to provide information that is
useful to those with interests ranging from climatologist to
food-oriented sociologists. Of course, the topics covered will be
of direct interest to those studying plant sciences, particularly
crop scientists. The hope is to challenge a reader to re-examine
some of her/his assumptions about crop improvement and approach the
topic with a renewed practice of skepticism in formulating and
evaluating hypotheses.
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Gold and the Gospel
Thomas Sinclair
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R1,765
R1,660
Discovery Miles 16 600
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Gold and the Gospel
Thomas Sinclair
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R2,286
R2,134
Discovery Miles 21 340
Save R152 (7%)
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Model studies focus experimental investigations to improve our
understanding and performance of systems. Concentrating on crop
modeling, this book provides an introduction to the concepts of
crop development, growth, and yield, with step-by-step outlines to
each topic, suggested exercises and simple equations. A valuable
text for students and researchers of crop development alike, this
book is written in five parts that allow the reader to develop a
solid foundation and coverage of production models including water-
and nitrogen-limited systems.
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The Gunns
Thomas Sinclair
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R912
Discovery Miles 9 120
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The Gunns
Thomas Sinclair
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R598
Discovery Miles 5 980
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Quest (Hardcover)
Thomas Sinclair
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R877
Discovery Miles 8 770
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